国内外心理健康素质研究综述

“心理健康素质”是个新概念。本文就国内和国外与心理健康素质有关的若干概念、观点,以及部分研究进行了整理。侧重于两个主题：（1）心理健康素质及其相关概念;（2）心理健康素质的构成要素或影响心理健康的个体因素。     

四卡问题解决中的视角效应

视角效应是指在四卡问题解决中,当被试从不同的角度来对条件规则进行检验时,其选择偏向会在卡片P,-Q和-P,Q之间发生稳定变化的现象。到目前为止,义务和非义务推理中都发现了该效应的存在,不同的推理理论都试图对此作出解释,却一直存在分歧,其焦点在于视角效应的形成机制是领域特殊性的还是领域一般性的。该文评述了不同的演绎推理理论对视角效应发生机制作出的解释,并且最后总结了该领域目前研究存在的主要争论。     

欺负行为测量:问题及解决

近20年来,各国心理学家就欺负问题做了大量的研究工作。本文主要分析了欺负行为研究中对欺负行为的评价和测量上存在的局限以及相应的改进策略。目前欺负行为评价中的问题主要有：对欺负定义的理解和界定不一致;对欺负的评价角度不一致;测量工具在适用年龄上缺乏连续性;测量方法存在单一性;测量时间取样不明确等。针对上述问题,本研究提出了操作性定义的界定基础、研究工具的开发方向、测量方法的选取技巧和数据分组的原则等来提高对校园欺负行为研究的科学性。     

Attention dependency in implicit learning of repeated search context

How much attention is needed to produce implicit learning? Previous studies have found inconsistent results, with some implicit learning tasks requiring virtually no attention while others rely on attention. In this study we examine the degree of attentional dependency in implicit learning of repeated visual search context. Observers searched for a target among distractors that were either highly similar to the target or dissimilar to the target. We found that the size of contextual cueing was comparable from repetition of the two types of distractors, even though attention dwelled much longer on distractors highly similar to the target. We suggest that beyond a minimal amount, further increase in attentional dwell time does not contribute significantly to implicit learning of repeated search context.     

归因、自我效能和社会容认度对心理求助行为的影响

在江光荣心理求助行为的“阶段-决策模型”框架下,探查处于第三阶段的被试的求助行为,侧重研究⑴对心理问题的归因、⑵作为心理咨询当事人的自我效能和⑶心理求助行为的社会容认度这三个变量对实际求助行为的影响,同时探讨变量之间的作用机制。结果表明,这三个变量对求助行为均有预测作用。其中心理求助行为的社会容认度除了对求助行为有直接作用外,还以作为心理咨询当事人的自我效能为中介变量间接影响求助行为。整个模型对求助行为解释的变异量达到26％     

Influence of Culture on Ethical Decision Making in Psychology

This study focused on the influence of American and Chinese cultures on consequentialism orientation in decision-making within the broader context of psychologists’ academic roles and responsibilities. In addition, this study hypothesized that educational level would affect culturally influenced ethical decision making in both cultures. Based on the American Psychological Association Ethics Code, 20 ethical scenarios in 5 domains in psychology were created and used to examine the influence of culturally ethical beliefs on psychologists’ decision making among 181 participants. The results indicated that significant cultural differences in consequentialism orientation differentiated Chinese and American participants and influenced their resolution of ethical issues.     

Crystallization acceleration of amorphous Fe40Ni40P14B6 alloy by fluxing technique

The effect of fluxing on the structure and the crystallization of amorphous Fe₄₀Ni₄₀P₁₄B₆ alloy has been studied. Subjected to fluxing, the incubation time upon isothermal crystallization decreases, whereas, the onset crystallization temperature upon non-isothermal crystallization (with constant heating rate) decreases, and crystallization peaks become less sharp. via structural characterization, it is considered that fluxing promotes relaxation of the system; the atomic structure becomes more similar to the corresponding crystallized phase, thus alleviating the transient effect on nucleation and accelerates the crystallization.     

The counselor perspective on the use of directives in counseling in China: Are directives different in China as in the United States?

Eight Chinese counselors were interviewed about their use of directives in counseling. They typically believed that directives can be beneficial in counseling Chinese clients. They used directives to extend the influence of counseling beyond sessions, meet client needs and expectations, and fit their own personality and orientation. In terms of conditions that need to be met for directives to be helpful, they identified client factors such as readiness, communication styles, past experience, and insight; the counselor factor of ability to communicate directives; and the therapeutic relationship. They emphasized the importance of clients acquiring a new perspective as a result of directives. Cultural factors in using directives are discussed.     

Plastic stability of bimetals composed of Ti-based metallic glass composite and pure titanium

The plastic stability of bimetals composed of a Ti-based metallic glass composite (MGC) and a pure titanium (PT) under tension has been investigated. The results reveal that the plastic stability of the MGC/PT bimetal is strongly dependent on the thickness fraction of the MGC: when the thickness fraction of the MGC decreases to a critical value, a homogeneous plastic deformation occurs in the MGC/PT bimetals, i.e. the strain localization and necking of the MGC is effectively suppressed. This unique phenomenon is explained using the normalized strain-hardening rate, and the quantitative relationship between the normalized strain-hardening rate of the MGC/PT bimetals and the thickness fraction of the MGC is thereby established.