Found in Translation: Late Bilinguals Do Automatically Activate Their Native Language When They Are Not Using It

In their paper “Do Bilinguals Automatically Activate Their Native Language When They Are Not Using it?”, Costa, Pannunzi, Deco, and Pickering (Cognitive Science, 2017) proposed a reinterpretation of Thierry and Wu's (2004, 2007) finding of native language‐based (Chinese, L1) ERP effects when they tested Chinese–English late bilinguals exclusively in their second language (English, L2). Using simulations in a six‐node Hebbian learning model (three L1 nodes, three L2 nodes), Costa et al. suggested that form overlaps in L1 between otherwise unrelated words create a persistent relationship between their L2 translations. In this scenario, words in the nascent L2 lexicon overlapping in their L1 translations would become linked during learning because of the form overlap in L1; once the L2 words are learned, the direct link between them would be sufficient to generate robust, apparently “L1‐mediated” priming without requiring any activation of L1 translations. Costa et al. contend that links between L2 words remain beyond the learning phase, even after links to L1 representations have been severed, and thus that their model affords an alternative account to (but not a rebuttal of) Thierry and Wu's claim of language non‐selective activation—or automatic activation of translation equivalents—in late bilinguals. In this response, we build on Costa et al.'s original simulation code, showing that it can only reproduce L1‐independent priming when implementing the L1 disconnection in their particular way. By contrast, when severing inter‐language connections bidirectionally, their model fails to retain any sizeable influence of L1 form overlap on L2 activations. The model is not the theory, however, and we discuss several issues that would need to be addressed in further attempts to model language non‐selective activation in late bilinguals.     

哲学视野中的大学精神与文化自觉

<正>一、精神问题精神的本质是自由。自由者有能力认知规范世界运行的普遍法则,有能力知道自己既是被规范的对象又是认知的主体。作为对象,自由者承认自由意味着对必然性的认识;作为主体,自由者不仅强调对必然性的认识已经蕴含着主体为世界立法,而且强调世界只有在精神里才能显现自己。精神知道     

当代海外的朱子学研究及其方法

<正>朱子学自12世纪创建以来,不仅极大地影响了中华民族的思想文化,而且先后风靡韩国、日本,逐渐成为东亚世界的主流思想。虽然朱子学自16世纪末17世纪初传入欧洲后有相当长一段时间未能作为一门独立学说获得长足发展①,在北美更是经历了相当长时间的沉寂期,但最终在当代(尤其是     

伴心脑血管疾病老年患者行半髋关节置换术时麻醉选择的循证依据

本文针对1例伴心脑血管疾病的老年患者行半髋关节置换术的麻醉方案进行循证分析.首先,笔者评估该患者术前的生理情况,对围术期可能出现的棘手问题进行预测.然后,针对如何科学地看待上述问题,进行证据检索和评价.最后,根据循证依据为该患者选择理想的麻醉方式.     

CD147在肿瘤发展中的研究进展

CD147属于免疫球蛋白超家族的跨膜糖蛋白,在多种细胞表面均有表达,在生殖、机体发育、免疫功能中发挥重要作用,还参与了肿瘤浸润转移等多种病理过程,由于其在多种肿瘤细胞表面高表达,而且与肿瘤的恶性程度相关,目前已成为研究肿瘤浸润与复发的热点.     

并发症内涵刍议

并发症概念的不明确,使得临床及司法实践中出现诸多问题,如部分医务人员注意力降低、医患矛盾升级,对医疗损害鉴定及判决产生了不利影响.应从疾病诊断和诊疗操作两方面理解并发症的内涵,明确并发症并不一定是医院的免责事由,并规范对这一概念的使用.     

词切分对语文学优生与学困生阅读影响的眼动研究

采用EyeLink II眼动仪,以小学二年级语文学优生和学困生为被试,考察词切分对句子阅读的影响.实验设置四种空格呈现条件:正常无空格条件、字间空格条件、词间空格条件和非词空格条件.研究表明:(1)小学二年级学生阅读词间空格文本、字间空格文本和正常无空格文本效果相同.(2)与语文学优生相比,学困生阅读任何条件的句子需要更多的注视时间和注视次数.非词空格呈现条件对学困生的干扰更大,表明学困生更依赖文本的低水平信息.文章最后探讨了汉语阅读的基本信息单元问题.     

基于文化的心理复原力研究

随着对个体心理复原力研究不断深入,文化作为影响个体心理复原力的重要因素日益受到关注,研究者在厘清文化与复原力之间的关系后,尝试以积极心理学的视角,将中国传统文化中"天人合一"、"以人为本"、"自强不息"、"厚德载物"等文化精神引入到个体心理复原力发展的过程中,为个体心理复原力的研究贡献价值。     

情绪、刺激呈现方式对现实性监控的影响

以往的来源记忆研究大多以词汇和图形等为实验材料,意义丰富的声音材料尚未涉及.本实验采用中国情感数据声音系统的声音为材料,分析了情绪效价、编码和测验阶段的刺激呈现方式等对区分听觉和想象两种不同来源的现实性监控的影响.实验含编码和测验两阶段,编码任务是听声音或根据提供的文字想象声音,并判断刺激的情绪效价;测验阶段则要求被试听声音或根据文字想象声音,并做出“听过”、“想象过”或“新项目”的三项选择判断.结果显示,想象刺激低于听觉形式获得刺激的提取成绩;情绪效价显著影响听过项目的提取绩效;编码与测验刺激呈现方式匹配条件的来源监控成绩较高;恐惧刺激的判断快于厌恶刺激.上述结果表明:内部来源与外部来源提取是两种不同的活动,情绪效价对区分上述两种任务的现实性监控具有调节作用,编码与提取刺激呈现方式匹配与否对提取结果的影响明显,恐惧刺激的加工相对优先.     

Eye movements of second language learners when reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text

The effect of spacing in relation to word segmentation was examined for four groups of non-native Chinese speakers (American, Korean, Japanese, and Thai) who were learning Chinese as second language. Chinese sentences with four types of spacing information were used: unspaced text, word-spaced text, character-spaced text, and nonword-spaced text. Also, participants' native languages were different in terms of their basic characteristics: English and Korean are spaced, whereas the other two are unspaced; Japanese is character based whereas the other three are alphabetic. Thus, we assessed whether any spacing effects were modulated by native language characteristics. Eye movement measures showed least disruption to reading for word-spaced text and longer reading times for unspaced than character-spaced text, with nonword-spaced text yielding the most disruption. These effects were uninfluenced by native language (though reading times differed between groups as a result of Chinese reading experience). Demarcation of word boundaries through spacing reduces non-native readers' uncertainty about the characters that constitute a word, thereby speeding lexical identification, and in turn, reading. More generally, the results indicate that words have psychological reality for those who are learning to read Chinese as a second language, and that segmentation of text into words is more beneficial to successful comprehension than is separating individual Chinese characters with spaces.