加压素对记忆巩固过程作用的研究 Ⅲ.GABA能药物对加压素易化大白鼠被动回避反应的影响

本文以平台被动回避反应为行为模式,采用侧脑室微量注射AVP和GABA能受体激动剂蝇蕈醇(Muscimol)、受体拮抗剂印防己毒素(Picrotoxin),进一步研究了AVP易化记忆巩固效应及与中枢GABA能系统的关系。主要实验结果如下: 1.AVP对被动回避行为模式的学习训练过程无促进作用,但促进了这种行为的记忆巩固过程,注射AVP的动物记忆保持能力显著高于对照组动物,有效剂量为30ng/大鼠。 2.侧脑室注射100ng/大鼠蝇蕈醇后,AVP仍非常显著地保持其行为效应,但注射100ng/大鼠印防己毒素后,AVP的效应已见下降,剂量增至300ng/大鼠后,AVP的效应已被完全消除。 实验结果再次提示,加压素具有促进记忆巩固过程的中枢性效应,脑内GABA能神经元的活动可能参与了这种效应。     

兴奋性氨基酸对猫怒叫反应的影响

为了提供猫“怒叫中枢”的神经元胞体参与怒叫反应的直接证据,本实验观察了“怒叫中枢”内注射谷氨酸单钠和海人酸对猫怒叫反应的影响。结果表明,“怒叫中抠”内注射谷氨酸单钠后,动物的呼吸加快,瞳孔明显扩大,电刺激引起叫反应的阈值明显降低。注射海人酸也可引起呼吸加快,瞳孔扩大,电刺激引起叫反应的阈值明显下降等反应。实验所用的动物中有3只动物,海人酸还可直接诱发叫反应。本实验提示,电刺激“怒叫中枢”引起的怒叫反应是神经元胞体兴奋的结果,而不是过路纤维兴奋的作用。     

Motion sickness in quail: body-rotation-induced conditioned fluid aversions in C. coturnix japonica

The presence of motion sickness in Japanese quail (C. coturnix japonica) was examined by using a conditioned fluid aversion as an index. Twenty-three birds were divided into three groups. One group received a novel fluid (yellow-sour water) followed by 30 min of body rotation at 70 rpm (on a schedule of 15 s on and 5 s off). Another group received the novel fluid followed by exposure to a sham rotation procedure. The third group experienced the rotation procedure following access to water. The group receiving the rotation procedure contingent on presentation of the novel fluid exhibited a conditioned aversion to this fluid (relative to the control groups) over days of acquisition (p less than .025) which subsequently dissipated when rotation was no longer contingent on the presentation of the yellow-sour water (extinction). These data thus demonstrate the presence of motion sickness in a gallinaceous species as indexed by a conditioned fluid aversion procedure.     

针刺对两点辨别觉的作用

本研究报告证实了针刺能够显著地提高两点阈限。本文探讨了针刺对两点阈限改变的时间关系和空间关系。分析了情绪状态、电针刺激强度、频率对针刺提高两点阈限的影响。还分析了针刺对痛阈的提高与对两点阈限的提高的关系。     

Considering self‐interests and symbolism together: How instrumental and value‐expressive motives interact to influence supervisors’ justice behavior

Drawing upon functional theories of attitudes and the organizational justice literature, the current research suggests that people's attitudes toward justice likely serve an instrumental function (grounded in self‐interest, rewards maximization, and punishment minimization) as well as a value‐expressive function (grounded in the expression of self‐concept and values). Importantly, these two functions co‐exist and interact to influence supervisors’ justice behavior and the consistency of such behavior via supervisors’ justification for unjust behavior. Findings from a set of experimental and correlational studies confirmed these predictions. The positive effects of supervisors’ value‐expressive function on justice behavior and its consistency were stronger when their instrumental function was lower (vs. higher), and justification for unjust behavior mediated these effects. Also, supplementary analyses showed that the consistency of supervisors’ justice behavior positively predicted subordinates’ overall justice perceptions beyond the effects of the overall level of justice behavior. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.     

父母心理控制和儿童消极情绪性对学前儿童问题行为的共同作用:“素质-压力”还是“差别易感性”

本研究以226名学前儿童和其父母为研究对象,从儿童气质-家庭环境交互作用的视角,采用父母报告的方法收集数据,考察了父母心理控制及儿童消极情绪性对儿童问题行为的共同作用。结果发现：在预测外化问题时,父亲和母亲心理控制的主效应均显著,同时父亲心理控制与儿童消极情绪性的交互作用也显著。显著性区域分析发现,高消极情绪性的学前儿童更易受高父亲心理控制的不利影响,也更易受低父亲心理控制的有利影响,该结果支持差别易感性模型;在预测内化问题时,父亲和母亲心理控制的主效应及其与儿童消极情绪性的交互作用均不显著,说明无论是对高消极情绪性还是低消极情绪性儿童,父母心理控制对其内化问题的影响相对较弱。     

初中生风险决策表现的认知建模分析:自尊及性别的影响

选取山东省某初中308名学生,采用爱荷华博弈任务,使用“效用-固着”模型对决策包含的动机、认知、反应心理过程进行认知建模分析,探究自尊水平和性别对初中生风险决策表现的影响。结果发现,初中生的风险决策表现不佳,对损失不敏感。在控制年级的影响后,分层回归分析表明:(1)自尊水平和性别对决策的动机过程的影响存在交互作用,男生无论自尊高低对收益都较为关注,女生中高自尊者更加关注收益。(2)决策成绩不存在显著的性别差异,但男生更多选择有着较高损失值的不利选项,而女生更多选择损失频率较低的有利选项。(3)自尊的影响主要体现在动机和认知过程,高自尊水平者在动机过程中更多表现出对损失的规避,在认知过程中更多地考虑维持之前的决策选择。     

Training and transfer effects of response inhibition training in children and adults

Response inhibition is crucial for mental and physical health but studies assessing the trainability of this type of inhibition are rare. Thirty‐nine children aged 10‐12 years and 46 adults aged 18‐24 years were assigned to an adaptive go/no‐go inhibition training condition or an active control condition. Transfer of training effects to performance on tasks assessing response inhibition, interference control, working memory updating, task‐switching, and non‐verbal fluid intelligence were assessed during 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up sessions and/or an immediate post‐training session. Significant training improvements and positive transfer effects to a similar response inhibition task with other stimuli were observed for both children and adults. Reliable albeit short‐lived transfer effects were only found for the children, specifically to working memory updating and task switching. These results suggest some potential for response‐inhibition training programs to enhance aspects of cognitive functioning in children but not adults.