The changing geography of Christianity in China, 1918-2004

Using systematic provincial level data on the number of Protestant Christians in 1918, 1949, 1997 and 2004, and those on Christian religious venues in 1979, 1997 and 2004, this article analyses changes in the coastal dominance, urban primacy and spatial diffusion of Christian communities in China. Six decades of communist rule eroded the missionary legacy, as Christian communities spread to China’s interior provinces and the rural hinterland, and became more widespread in China by 2004, with the sharpest decline in metropolitan cities and in the Guangdong province, and the fastest growth in the interior and northeast provinces. Ethnographies and case studies suggest that these developments may have resulted from the diminution of the missionary legacy, the relative decline of the institutional churches versus indigenous congregations, the replacement of an anti-state old guard by more pragmatic and compliant church leaders, the rise of the charismatic Pentecostal movement and the evangelism of a new breed of Christian entrepreneurs. These religious sociological factors may have also interacted with urbanisation and national and local religious policy to produce permutations in the distribution of Christian communities which can only be thoroughly analysed through systematic data-based research.     

Shyness and Adaptation to School in a Chinese Community

This study examined the process of adjustment in shy and nonshy children during the transition to school in a Chinese community. Children (35 shy and 19 nonshy) were assessed three times before and after they entered the first grade. Shy and nonshy children's interactions with peers and teachers, perceived peer acceptance, and anxious behaviour were measured using multiple methods, including naturalistic observations, self‐report, and teacher report. Results indicated that shy and nonshy children showed consistently different behavioural profiles in free play settings and structured classes during the transition. However, teacher ratings of and peer responses to shy and nonshy children were not consistently different. Results are discussed in relation to the cultural context where the study was conducted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The devil is in the local: provincial religious legislation in China, 2005–2012

Promulgated in the wake of the Regulations on Religious Affairs, the new set of 20 provincial regulations in China often adopt provisions in the central government statute, prescribing a more benign relationship between religion and the state, defining religious affairs narrowly to exclude internal administration issues of religious communities, stipulating protection of religious freedom before that of state authority, adopting a regulatory rather than administrative regime, removing the annual re-certification requirement of religious venues, increasing the institutional autonomy of religious communities in personnel matters and formation, and transferring the supervisory powers from state agencies to religious communities. At the same time, they also circumscribe the interventionist powers of the state, stipulating bureaucratic response time limits, publicising transparent procedures and specific norms for approving and disapproving religious activities, and not requiring religious communities to accept Party leadership. Despite their overall progressive direction, however, some benevolent central government regulations have not been incorporated by the new provincial regulations, notably those exempting religious communities from supporting state ideology, and those providing administrative appeal and judicial challenge for local government decisions on religious affairs.     

可以兼顾策略、认知状态和能力的CD-CAT选题方法

当CD-CAT测验需要同时诊断被试的解题策略、认知状态并评估被试的宏观能力时,就需要在选题过程中兼顾这三个测量目标。用两种不同方式将多策略香农熵(MSSHE)指标与Fisher信息量相结合,提出多策略情境中的DWI指标MSDWI)选题法与“先用MSSHE后用Fisher信息量”的两步选题法。基于多策略RRUM模型(MS-RRUM),将这两种方法与随机选题法在不同属性数量条件下进行模拟比较,结果表明：当属性数量为4个或6个时,两步选题法在策略判准率、认知状态判准率和能力估计三个方面都有最佳的效果。     

Does integral affect influence intentions to use artificial intelligence for skin cancer screening? A test of the affect heuristic

Objective: This study investigated how affect influences people’s processing of messages about risks and benefits of using autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) technology to screen for skin cancer. We examined integral affect (emotion derived during decision making) separately from incidental affect (extraneous mood states).

Design: Using the affect heuristic framework, we randomly assigned 273 participants to conditions featuring risk (high, low, uncertain) or benefit (high, low, uncertain) messages about AI. Following ‘affect-as-spotlight’, we also explored whether people’s integral affect towards skin cancer moderated the relationship between risk/benefit messages and AI screening intentions.

Outcomes: Perceived risk, perceived benefit, positive and negative affect toward AI, intention to use AI screening.

Results: After controlling for incidental affect and risk perceptions, we found that compared to low risk messages, uncertain risk messages increased participants’ negative affect toward AI, decreased positive affect toward AI, increased AI risk evaluations and reduced AI benefit evaluations. Perceptual variables significantly mediated participants’ intentions to use AI for risk messages but not benefit messages. No moderation effects were found.

Conclusions: Results suggest extending the affect heuristic framework to include uncertain risk conditions. Integral AI affect influenced people’s interpretation of messages, which then impacted likelihood to use AI technology for health.     

常规会阴切开与过度医疗

本文总结了国内外阴道分娩过程中会阴切开率的变迁.受社会、医方及产妇等因素影响,我国会阴切开已逐渐成为产时常规手术,大量不必要的会阴切开以及手术造成的伤害,就形成了过度医疗,即预防性手术过度使用.围绕社会、医方及产妇因素三个方面,笔者提出了相应降低会阴切开率的对策,特别强调产科医务人员的人文素养、专科理论与技能和医院管理在控制会阴切开过程中的作用.     

The Role of Friends’ Appearance and Behavior on Evaluations of Individuals on Facebook: Are We Known by the Company We Keep?

This research explores how cues deposited by social partners onto one’s online networking profile affect observers’ impressions of the profile owner. An experiment tested the relationships between both (a) what one’s associates say about a person on a social network site via “wall postings,” where friends leave public messages, and (b) the physical attractiveness of one’s associates reflected in the photos that accompany their wall postings on the attractiveness and credibility observers attribute to the target profile owner. Results indicated that profile owners’ friends’ attractiveness affected their own in an assimilative pattern. Favorable or unfavorable statements about the targets interacted with target gender: Negatively valenced messages about certain moral behaviors increased male profile owners’ perceived physical attractiveness, although they caused females to be viewed as less attractive.     

法伦理学研究论纲

法伦理学研究的宗旨在于为中国的法制建设提供道德正当性的论证,涉及法伦理学的一般原理研究、宪法的伦理问题研究、民法的伦理问题研究、社会保障法的伦理问题研究、司法的伦理问题研究等几个方面的内容.此项研究还必须为解决中国法治实践中的问题提供伦理学方面的咨询.     

张三丰籍贯辽东懿州考

张三丰是我国历史上著名的道教传奇人物,关于他的籍贯,历来就有多种说法.作者赞同<明史>说"辽东懿州人",这是正确的.辽东懿州,即现在的阜新蒙古族自治县塔营子乡.他在懿州度过了青少年时代.儒、释、道并修,创建了太极拳,极大地丰富和发展了道家学派.道教羽士那种孤云野鹤、栖无定所、到处为家的生活方式,造成了张三丰出生地有多种说法.     

汉魏六朝佛诞节仪考述

以早期传译佛诞经文为支持,汉魏六朝时,如浴佛、行像、散花、伎乐表演、造幡求福等印度传统佛诞节仪先后被引介进入中国,而如施斋、抄经、造像之类非印度传统佛诞节仪也在地方化过程中先后被增衍出来,最终把佛诞日这样一个宗教性的纪庆日子演变成了中国人的一个岁时节日.就中展示出来的,既是一个佛教文化传播的过程,更是一个中外文化变迁的过程.讨论佛教中国化问题,这个过程为我们揭示出了许多值得关注的细节.