Tensile deformation behaviour of Zr-based glassy alloys

This paper presents a study of the deformation behaviour of a glassy phase in two Zr-based alloys, Zr₆₅Ni₁₀Cu₅Al_7.5Pd_12.5 and Zr₆₅Al_7.5Ni₁₀Pd_17.5, performed in situ in a transmission electron microscope. In contrast to the case of shear localisation and formation of 10–20 nm thick shear bands in deformed bulk glassy samples studied earlier, it is found that in thin (electron-transparent) samples the glassy phase in front of a crack deforms more homogeneously and no nanocrystallisation takes place. The reasons for such behaviour are discussed. According to the observed results, one can conclude that the studied metallic glasses can be intrinsically ductile in submicrometre-sized volumes.     

多层多项Logit模型：原理与应用

常用的多层线性模型要求因变量是服从正态分布的连续变量,却无法处理因变量为离散变量的嵌套数据.多层多项Logit模型能够处理因变量是无序多分类的多层嵌套数据,但这一模型在我国心理学研究中却鲜有介绍和应用.研究简要介绍了多层多项Logit模型的原理、参数估计和假设检验,然后分别用该模型和传统Logistic回归模型探讨个体因素和区域因素对35721名学生进入不同高校就读机会的影响并对结果进行了解释,结果表明多层多项Logit模型比传统Logistic回归模型更拟合数据.     

大学生脑科学素养现状调查

采用《大学生脑科学素养问卷》,对天津市1450名大学生脑科学素养现状进行了调查分析。结果显示:(1)大学生总体脑科学问卷正确率显著低于60%,其中,脑的功能、脑的组织结构和脑与学方面的得分更低;(2)书籍、网络和电视是大学生获取脑科学知识的重要渠道;(3)大学生对脑科学知识的总体关心程度偏低;(4)大学生脑科学素养水平受成长环境和父母文化程度因素的影响,存在年级和性别差异。     

组织分割供给与工作情绪衰竭的关系:工作心理脱离和工作→非工作冲突的中介作用*

采用问卷调查法,对271名企业管理人员进行调查,探讨了组织分割供给与工作情绪衰竭的关系,以及工作心理脱离和工作→非工作冲突在其中的中介作用。结构方程模型分析表明:(1)组织分割供给不仅可以通过工作→非工作冲突的中介作用负向影响工作情绪衰竭;(2)还可以通过依次影响工作心理脱离和工作→非工作冲突进而负向影响工作情绪衰竭。因此,组织分割供给对个体的非工作角色和工作角色均有积极作用。     

2013年心理学研究状况分析——从《中国人民大学复印报刊资料·心理学》看发展变化

对2013年《中国人民大学复印报刊资料·心理学》杂志全文转载发表的143篇文章做了梳理。对各个栏目如“理论进展”“基础新论”“应用平台”等分别进行了介绍,重点推荐了有代表性的论文,并简单介绍了他们的研究成果,旨在使心理学科学研究成果的价值最大化。从刊载的论文可以看出,心理学的研究既有理论研究的深度,也有应用研究的广度。     

Investigating the Impact of Uncertainty About Item Parameters on Ability Estimation

Asymptotic expansions of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and weighted likelihood estimator (WLE) of an examinee’s ability are derived while item parameter estimators are treated as covariates measured with error. The asymptotic formulae present the amount of bias of the ability estimators due to the uncertainty of item parameter estimators. A numerical example is presented to illustrate how to apply the formulae to evaluate the impact of uncertainty about item parameters on ability estimation and the appropriateness of estimating ability using the regular MLE or WLE method.     

Familiarity increases the number of remembered Pokémon in visual short-term memory

Long-term memory (LTM) can influence many aspects of short-term memory (STM), including increased STM span. However, it is unclear whether LTM enhances the quantitative or qualitative aspect of STM. That is, do we retain a larger number of representations or more precise representations in STM for familiar stimuli than unfamiliar stimuli? This study took advantage of participants’ prior rich multimedia experience with Pokémon, without investing on laboratory training to examine how prior LTM influenced visual STM. In a Pokémon visual STM change detection task, participants remembered more first-generation Pokémon characters that they were more familiar with than recent-generation Pokémon characters that they were less familiar with. No significant difference in memory quality was found when quantitative and qualitative effects of LTM were isolated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Critically, these effects were absent in participants who were unfamiliar with first-generation Pokémon. Furthermore, several alternative interpretations were ruled out, including general video-gaming experience, subjective Pokémon preference, and verbal encoding. Together, these results demonstrated a strong link between prior stimulus familiarity in LTM and visual STM storage capacity.     

Dissociations of the number and precision of visual short-term memory representations in change detection

The present study dissociated the number (i.e., quantity) and precision (i.e., quality) of visual short-term memory (STM) representations in change detection using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and experimental manipulations. Across three experiments, participants performed both recognition and recall tests of visual STM using the change-detection task and the continuous color-wheel recall task, respectively. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the estimates of the number and precision of visual STM representations based on the ROC model of change-detection performance were robustly correlated with the corresponding estimates based on the mixture model of continuous-recall performance. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the experimental manipulation of mnemonic precision using white-noise masking and the experimental manipulation of the number of encoded STM representations using consolidation masking produced selective effects on the corresponding measures of mnemonic precision and the number of encoded STM representations, respectively, in both change-detection and continuous-recall tasks. Altogether, using the individual-differences (Experiment 1) and experimental dissociation (Experiment 2 and 3) approaches, the present study demonstrated the some-or-none nature of visual STM representations across recall and recognition.     

Automatic thoughts as a predictor of internalizing and externalizing problems in Chinese adolescents: A test of the cognitive content‐specificity hypothesis with age effects

The main aim of the current study was to test the cognitive content‐specificity hypothesis across internalizing and externalizing problems in Chinese adolescents. The participants consisted of 2,158 adolescents aged 11–19 years from three middle schools, and they completed a number of measures assessing a wide range of automatic thoughts and syndromes related to internalizing and externalizing problems. Multivariate regression analyses demonstrated that thoughts about social threats, personal failure and hostility were the strongest predictors of anxiety, depression, and externalizing problems, respectively. Age was a statistically significant, albeit modest, moderator of the relationship between automatic thoughts about social threat and anxiety. The current study provides support for the cognitive content‐specificity hypothesis in internalizing and externalizing problems in a Chinese sample.