面孔情绪下3～8岁儿童时距知觉的实验研究

新近研究结合日趋成熟的标量计时模型及神经学相关依据提出,情绪诱发的生理唤醒会加长主观时距,而注意唤醒会缩短主观时距,且各自有不同的发生特点。本研究选取3、5、8岁被试,系统探讨了800～3200ms范围内,儿童在高兴和生气两种面孔表情刺激下的时距知觉特点,并以中性面孔表情作为参照。研究发现:(1)3～8岁儿童都已具备明显的时距知觉,但时间敏感度随年龄的增加而提高;(2)3～8岁儿童时距判断均会受到情绪的干扰,情绪刺激下的主观时距长于中性刺激下的主观时距;(3)3～8岁儿童生气表情下的主观时距长于高兴表情下的主观时距,生理唤醒效应作用更为明显。     

不同情绪诱发方法有效性的比较研究

采用自我报告和生理反馈法,从强度、纯度、时间进程三方面考察图片、音乐、电影和回忆四种常用情绪诱发方法诱发出的高兴、激动、悲伤和恐惧四种不同维度的情绪的有效性。得出结论：（1）总体上,音乐诱发情绪的强度最高,图片最低;在积极情绪中,音乐诱发的强度普遍较高,图片较低;消极情绪中,回忆诱发的强度普遍较高,音乐较低。（2）音乐诱发情绪的纯度较高,图片较低。（3）效价和激活度不同,情绪的时间进程不同,高兴能持续将近1分钟,激动能持续2分30秒,悲伤能持续1分30秒,而恐惧能持续2分钟。     

人类疼痛表情研究进展

疼痛表情是人类疼痛表达的行为方式之一,具有重要的生存适应和社会交流价值。疼痛表情研究应当遵循行为观察方法,基于面部运动编码系统（Facial Action Coding System, FACS）的表情编码有助于疼痛表情的量化分析。年龄、性别、社会因素、文化背景等多种因素会影响疼痛表情表达,使疼痛表情在不同个体之间表现出共性和个性并存的特性。在不断改进研究方法的基础上,未来可对疼痛表情的生理心理机制作出更多阐述,并有望建立完备的人类疼痛表情信息库。     

Audiovisual sentence recognition not predicted by susceptibility to the McGurk effect

In noisy situations, visual information plays a critical role in the success of speech communication: listeners are better able to understand speech when they can see the speaker. Visual influence on auditory speech perception is also observed in the McGurk effect, in which discrepant visual information alters listeners’ auditory perception of a spoken syllable. When hearing /ba/ while seeing a person saying /ga/, for example, listeners may report hearing /da/. Because these two phenomena have been assumed to arise from a common integration mechanism, the McGurk effect has often been used as a measure of audiovisual integration in speech perception. In this study, we test whether this assumed relationship exists within individual listeners. We measured participants’ susceptibility to the McGurk illusion as well as their ability to identify sentences in noise across a range of signal-to-noise ratios in audio-only and audiovisual modalities. Our results do not show a relationship between listeners’ McGurk susceptibility and their ability to use visual cues to understand spoken sentences in noise, suggesting that McGurk susceptibility may not be a valid measure of audiovisual integration in everyday speech processing.     

《晏子春秋》战国中后期成书说补证——从一组常用词的演变着眼

词汇是语言三要素中最活跃的因素,它比语音、语法更能反映时代变化,通过考察《晏子春秋》中的＂酣、履、睡、布衣、诚信、夫子、枯槁、身体、声名、树木、学问＂等常用词所体现出的时代特征,足以为前人关于《晏子》成书于战国中后期的论断提供语言史上的有力支持。     

试论当代中国宗教媒体的社会责任

当代中国特殊的社会背景要求宗教媒体肩负起传播正确的宗教知识、宣传宗教政策与宗教法规、开展宗教学术交流、审视宗教领域存在的问题、引导宗教健康发展等极为重要的社会责任。而要承担起这些社会责任,笔者认为当代中国宗教媒体应该具备批判、尊重、审慎、守法、服务、求实、创新、正知、民本、倡善等十种精神。     

Interaction between the basolateral amygdala and dorsal hippocampus is critical for cocaine memory reconsolidation and subsequent drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior in rats

Contextual stimulus control over instrumental drug-seeking behavior relies on the reconsolidation of context-response-drug associative memories into long-term memory storage following retrieval-induced destabilization. According to previous studies, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and dorsal hippocampus (DH) regulate cocaine-related memory reconsolidation; however, it is not known whether these brain regions interact or independently control this phenomenon. To investigate this question, rats were trained to lever press for cocaine reinforcement in a distinct environmental context followed by extinction training in a different context. Rats were then briefly re-exposed to the cocaine-paired context to destabilize cocaine-related memories, or they were exposed to an unpaired context. Immediately thereafter, the rats received unilateral microinfusions of anisomycin (ANI) into the BLA plus baclofen/muscimol (B/M) into the contralateral (BLA/DH disconnection) or ipsilateral DH, or they received contralateral or ipsilateral microinfusions of vehicle. They then remained in their home cages overnight or for 21 d, followed by additional extinction training and a test of cocaine-seeking behavior (nonreinforced active lever responding). BLA/DH disconnection following re-exposure to the cocaine-paired context, but not the unpaired context, impaired subsequent drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior relative to vehicle or ipsilateral ANI + B/M treatment. Prolonged home cage stay elicited a time-dependent increase, or incubation, of drug-context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior, and BLA/DH disconnection inhibited this incubation effect despite some recovery of cocaine-seeking behavior. Thus, the BLA and DH interact to regulate the reconsolidation of cocaine-related associative memories, thereby facilitating the ability of drug-paired contexts to trigger cocaine-seeking behavior and contributing to the incubation of cocaine-seeking behavior.     

The concept of Junzi in the Zhongyong

The concept of junzi is the central issue in the Zhongyong, one of the most important Confucian books. A junzi leads a life starting with the original disposition of cheng 诚(being truthful to the real self). This paper analyzes the disposition of cheng to reveal two kinds of good in human existence, that is, the natural good, which is present in cheng; and the idea of good, which is a conceptualization of the natural good. The natural good is actually equal to the nature endowed by the Tian, and so it is primary and absolute. Meanwhile, the idea of good is secondary and can be improved by self-cultivation. The distinction and interaction between these two kinds of good are crucial in conceiving the concept of junzi. Yet, the distinction is so subtle that it often confuses people in self-cultivation. In fact, people in their actual lives may mix them up and perceive only the idea of good. We call this the junzi impasse. The Zhongyong does not offer enough discussion about this impasse. Since this confusion may cause the termination of self-cultivation, this paper offers a comparative discussion in the light of Christian guilty consciousness, and attempts to propose a solution to the junzi impasse.     

震区羌族初中生的家庭损失与应对方式:乐观的调节作用

目的考察5.12汶川地震后羌族青少年的家庭损失程度、乐观和应对方式之间的关系。方法采用生活定向测验问卷、特质应对方式问卷和家庭损失的自编测量题项对震区421名羌族初中学生进行了问卷调查。结果 (1)个体遭受的家庭损失程度较重,但其乐观水平较高,且积极应对水平亦显著高于消极应对。(2)家庭损失与乐观和积极应对方式呈显著负相关,与消极应对方式呈显著正相关。(3)乐观在家庭损失与应对方式的关系之间有着显著的调节作用。结论乐观能较好地缓解地震造成的家庭损失对羌族初中生应对方式的不良影响。     

马基雅维里的virtù概念辨析

马基雅维里的virtù概念隐含了不同价值体系之间的矛盾,即古罗马意义上的德性和基督教德性的冲突、能力优异和道德完善的冲突。而virtù本身的多义性容易掩盖这两种矛盾。通过剖析这一概念可以发现,马基雅维里要挑战的不仅仅是基督教道德,而且还有古罗马哲学中的某些道德主张。他的政治道德思想的新异之处,不仅表现在揭示因多元谱系而产生的道德内部的裂变和分歧,更重要的是,他要重新评价道德在政治中的地位与作用。