视障学生动作内隐与外显学习冲突现象的研究

分别从上海市盲童学校和普通中学随机抽取低视力、明眼学生各26人,共52人;通过测试指导语将被试分为动作内隐学习和外显学习组。实验结果表明．当动作内隐学习与动作外显学习相冲突时,外娃学习影响内隐学习,低视力学生的动作内隐学习成绩较明眼学生受到的干扰更大。     

理论、实验与应用有机结合——读《认知心理学——理论、实验和应用》

认知心理学为当代心理科学提供了全新的范式和研究取向,使心理学发生了深刻的变革,是高校心理学专业重要的基础课程,其教学及教材建设受到各高校的极大重视。《认知心理学——理论、实验和应用》教材就格外引人注目。综观全书,它具有以下特色:第一,重视介绍应用研究;第二,理论阐述与实验介绍有机结合;第三,内容丰富,而且精选得当;第四,体系合理,结构严谨,体例规范;第五,语言通俗易懂,文字流畅,思路清楚,可读性强。     

What makes a girl (or a boy) popular (or unpopular)? African American children's perceptions and developmental differences

Open-ended questions were used to obtain narrative accounts of what makes a girl (or a boy) popular (or unpopular) at school. The participants were 489 African American students in Grades 1, 4, and 7 recruited from high-risk inner-city neighborhoods. Appearance and self-presentation were mentioned the most in Grades 4 and 7. Prosocial characteristics were especially relevant for popularity in Grade 1, as were studentship in Grade 4 and peer affiliations in Grade 7. Deviant behaviors were nominated for popularity more frequently in Grade 7 than in the younger grades and more for boys' popularity than for girls'. The mean deviance scores were negative in all grade levels, suggesting a normative peer culture. Male groups in Grade 7 showed significant homophily in reports of deviant behaviors.     

Microwave-induced heating of a single glassy phase and a two-phase material consisting of a metallic glass and Fe powder

Metallic glasses exhibit low viscosity in a temperature range between the glass transition and the crystallization temperature, a feature that allows successful sintering of glassy powders. Microwave heating, being volumetric, has significant advantages over conventional heating in materials processing, such as substantial energy savings, high heating rates and process cleanliness. In the present study, we investigate the stability of Cu₅₀Zr₄₅Al₅ glassy powders and the formation of a bulk two-component metallic glassy-crystal sample by microwave heating in a single-mode cavity (915 MHz) in an alternating magnetic field.     

卡片数量和卡片比率对经典四卡问题解决的影响

两个实验分别操纵四卡问题中四类卡片(P、-P、Q、-Q)的数量或Q卡与-Q卡之间的比率,以探讨四类卡片的数量关系对经典四卡问题解决的影响,从而间接推断被试解决经典四卡问题时所采用的策略。实验一等比率地增加P卡、-P卡、Q卡、-Q卡的数量,结果发现,等比率地增加P卡、-P卡、Q卡、-Q卡的数量,使得P卡和Q卡被选择的比率减小,而-P卡和-Q卡被选择的比率不存在显著变化。实验二按不同比率操纵Q卡和-Q卡的数量,结果发现,当Q卡和-Q卡出现的比率不同时,Q卡数目越多,Q卡被选择的平均比率越小,但没有影响到P、-P卡和-Q卡被选择的比率。这些结果表明被试解决经典四卡问题时采用了"匹配偏向"策略。     

刻板印象内容对刻板印象抑制反弹效应的影响

通过两个实验探讨了刻板印象内容对刻板印象抑制反弹效应的影响。实验1以"罪犯"(低温情,低能力)和"老年人"(高温情,低能力)构成不同类型的刻板印象群体,发现在温情和能力上得分都低的群体与温情高能力低或温情低能力高的群体相比,在刻板印象抑制后更可能出现反弹效应。值得注意的是,反弹效应仅在目标群体(罪犯)的能力维度上出现。在实验2中,"老年人"和"富人"构成作为两种不同的混合型刻板印象群体。结果表明:对于高能力低温情群体的抑制比对高温情低能力群体的抑制更困难。     

Double Reference Points: the Effects of Social and Financial Reference Points on Decisions Under Risk

The existing literature is inconsistent about how social comparison affects risk attitudes. We propose a framework where the total utility is composed of the social and financial utilities. The financial utility is consistent with prospect theory (i.e., an S‐shaped utility function with a financial reference point), whereas the social utility is affected by both social and financial reference points. Therefore, social risk attitudes are determined by interaction between gains/losses in both social and financial contexts. On the basis of safety‐first principle, we propose that when experiencing financial gains, individuals tend to seek upside potential and take social risks (i.e., a convex social utility function). In contrast, when facing financial losses, people would be more risk seeking in social gains but more risk averse in social losses to maximize security (i.e., an inverse S‐shaped utility function). We also propose that the relative importance of financial and social utilities depends on the saliency of the reference points and size of stakes. Studies 1 and 2 showed that individuals were risk seeking in both social gains and losses with social reference points alone. Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated that when both financial and social reference points were salient, participants were risk averse in both social gains and losses when facing financial gains, but risk seeking in social gains and risk averse in social losses when facing financial losses. The hypotheses derived from the theoretical framework were in general supported by our experiments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Approach or avoid? The effect of regulatory focus on consumer behavioural responses to personal selling attempts

While salespeople use adaptive influence tactics in interactions with consumers, consumers can act as goal-oriented individuals attempting to manage those interactions. Prior research has documented a repertoire of consumer response behaviours, but little is known about the motivational forces. The present research examines the effects of regulatory focus on consumer behavioural tendencies in response to personal selling attempts. The findings suggest that the more promotion-focused consumers are more likely to engage in goal-seeking behaviours. This research not only addresses a void in the literature, but more importantly, sheds light on motivational antecedents driving consumer behaviours in customer–salesperson interactions.     

潜在剖面分析在区分抑郁情绪患者的应用

目的：使用情绪启动的研究范式,探讨情绪启动对抑郁情绪患者的分类效果.方法：抽取35名抑郁情绪患者和35名正常被试,分别完成6种条件的实验任务,采用潜在剖面分析和logistic回归分析,分析6种条件对两组被试的分类结果.结果：两组被试在6种条件下对人脸表情判断的正确数和反应时存在显著差异,抑郁患者的反应时间明显延长,识别的正确数比正常被试少,潜在剖面分析的结果与真实结果具有较高的一致性.结论：潜在剖面分析能较好地区分正常组与抑郁组患者,为鉴别正常人与抑郁情绪患者提供新的途径.     

K-means、潜在类别模型和混合Rasch模型的比较

基于模拟研究比较了K-means方法、潜在类别模型和混合Rasch模型在二分外显变量情境下的聚类效果.结果表明：（1）潜在类别数量、变量数量、样本量、样本平衡和变量间相关对K-means方法、潜在类别模型和混合Rasch模型的分类准确性均有影响且因素间的交互作用存在;（2）除了在2个潜在类别的样本不平衡条件下K-means方法表现较差外,在其他条件下与潜在类别模型和混合Rasch模型的表现相当;（3）混合Rasch模型的分类一致性在2个潜在类别的情境下要好于潜在类别模型,但是在4个潜在类别的情境下要差于潜在类别模型.