人际交往中的认知偏差简析

现代社会个人的成长和发展离不开有效的人际交往,而人际交往中的认知偏差往往会影响人们人际交往的效果和质量,了解和认清人际交往中的认知偏差有利于我们建立良好的人际关系。文章对可能影响人际交往的首因效应、晕轮效应、刻板印象、基本归因偏差、虚假一致偏差及当事人与旁观者归因分歧的含义、表现和原因作了简要分析,以期能帮助人们对人际交往中的认知偏差加以防范和纠正,提高人们的人际交往能力。     

Mental Rotation in False Belief Understanding

This study examines the spontaneous use of embodied egocentric transformation (EET) in understanding false beliefs in the minds of others. EET involves the participants mentally transforming or rotating themselves into the orientation of an agent when trying to adopt his or her visuospatial perspective. We argue that psychological perspective taking such as false belief reasoning may also involve EET because of what has been widely reported in the embodied cognition literature, showing that our processing of abstract, propositional information is often grounded in concrete bodily sensations which are not apparently linked to higher cognition. In Experiment 1, an agent placed a ball into one of two boxes and left. The ball then rolled out and moved either into the other box (new box) or back into the original one (old box). The participants were to decide from which box they themselves or the agent would try to recover the ball. Results showed that false belief performance was affected by increased orientation disparity between the participants and the agent, suggesting involvement of embodied transformation. In Experiment 2, false belief was similarly induced and the participants were to decide if the agent would try to recover the ball in one specific box. Orientation disparity was again found to affect false belief performance. The present results extend previous findings on EET in visuospatial perspective taking and suggest that false belief reasoning, which is a kind of psychological perspective taking, can also involve embodied rotation, consistent with the embodied cognition view.     

Altruistic or selfish? Responses when safety is threatened depend on childhood socioeconomic status

Altruism is an effective method of coping with threats. This research explored the relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and altruism under different situations. The results of five studies provided reliable evidence that safety-threat conditions moderated the relationship between childhood SES and altruism. Individuals with higher childhood SES exhibited higher altruistic intentions (Studies 1 and 2) and behaviors (Study 3) when they were manipulated to imagine a safety threat scenario (Study 1), when viewing pictures of disasters (Study 2), and when they were manipulated to believe that their health was under threat (Study 3). However, their childhood SES had no significant impact on their altruistic intentions and behaviors in relatively safe environments (Studies 1–3). This effect was again tested in more realistic environmental conditions using a large-scale survey in Study 4. In Study 5, we explored the underlying mechanism behind the earlier findings (i.e., temporal discounting).     

Charting New Terrain in Work Design: A Study of Hybrid Work Characteristics

Research on work design to date has focused on work characteristics associated primarily with one of three domains—task, social, or contextual. The present paper introduces a new concept—hybrid work characteristics—that refer to work characteristics which are not fully captured within any one of the three domains but possess features from more than one domain. We identify boundarylessness, multitasking, non-work-related interruptions, and demand for constant learning as hybrid work characteristics in the modern work environment. Furthermore, we theorise that boundarylessness, multitasking, and demand for constant learning carry both enriching and depleting potential, but non-work-related interruptions have only depleting potential. In our study, we developed instruments to assess the four work characteristics and tested their relationship with jobholders’ job satisfaction, occupational commitment, emotional exhaustion, and somatic health symptoms, through three independent studies (a total of 968 employees across a wide range of jobs). The results demonstrated convergent, predictive, and discriminant validity for the newly developed scales, and showed partial support for the prediction that boundarylessness and multitasking are beneficial as well as detrimental for jobholders and consistent support for the depleting potential inherent in non-work-related interruptions. We conclude with a discussion of how our exploration of hybrid work characteristics contributes to research on work design and management practices.     

试论太极图所蕴含的内丹文化内涵

太极图与道教内丹术之间联系紧密,其中蕴含着丰富的内丹文化思想。一方面,太极图反映了内丹术所依据的哲学思想,表现了在天人合一与天人同构思想的支配下,内丹对于宇宙与生命的认识,具体体现在对宇宙创生之道、自然变化之道以及生人之道与人身之道的理解之中。另一方面,太极图集中概括了内丹术的基本原理,同时也凝练地表达了炼精化炁阶段的基本要求,对该阶段中的两个主要环节(调外药和小周天运火炼药)进行了简明扼要的阐释。     

从“批判性讨论”的理想模型到具体情境中的论证性会话——“语用论辩术”论证理论的逐步发展

在本文中,弗兰斯·范·爱默伦对语用论辩术理论的发展历程加以了概述,清晰说明了该理论如何从建构理想的"批判性讨论"模型,逐步和系统地发展到对真实论证实践中基本论证模式的探究。首先,他介绍了语用论辩术之"标准"理论的基本内容,该理论是以"论辩的合理性"为旨归的。进而,他概述了一些旨在巩固和完善语用论辩术"标准"理论的经验研究。之后,他讨论了语用论辩术的"扩展"理论,该理论的特点在于增加了探讨"取效性"的修辞学维度。随后,他介绍了一些与"遵从合理性来达到取效性"相关的经验研究,这些研究都是基于在"扩展"理论中所引入的"策略性操控"概念。最后,他说明了论证性会话所发生的"制度化语境"如何被纳入到了语用论辩术理论建构当中。进而,他对当前语用论辩术关于"典型论证模式"的研究加以了讨论,这些论证模式都关联于在特定语境中实施策略性操控的制度性先决条件。     

Clarifying the Role of Psychological Pain in the Risks of Suicidal Ideation and Suicidal Acts among Patients with Major Depressive Episodes

The role of psychological pain in the risk of suicide was explored using a three‐dimensional psychological pain model (pain arousal, painful feelings, pain avoidance). The sample consisted of 111 outpatients with major depressive episodes, including 28 individuals with suicidal histories. They completed the Chinese version of the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Psychache Scale, and the three‐dimensional Psychological Pain Scale (TDPPS). A structured clinical interview was conducted to assess the history of suicidal acts. Significant correlations were found among BDI, BSI, and TDPPS scores (p < .01). Stepwise regression analyses showed that only pain avoidance scores significantly predicted suicide ideation at one's worst point (β = .79, p < .001) and suicidal acts (β = .46, p < .001). Pain avoidance was also a better predictor of current suicidal ideation (β = .37, p = .001) than were BDI scores (β = .31, p < .01). Increased levels of pain avoidance during a major depressive episode may be a dominant component of the motivation for suicide. Future clinical assessments for populations at high risk of suicide should include measures of psychological pain to reduce the incidence of suicide.     

The moderating role of interviewer's regulatory focus in the effectiveness of impression management tactics: Regulatory fit as a source of subjective value

Based on the recently explored regulatory fit effect in social contexts, the present research is the first to investigate the interaction between interviewer's regulatory focus and interviewee's impression management (IM) tactics. We hypothesized that assertive and defensive IM tactics would fit with interviewer's promotion and prevention focus, respectively, and that interviewer's experience of this regulatory fit would lead to enhanced interview evaluation. We conducted four studies in which the participants were asked to rate an interviewee after reading a list of the interviewee's IM-related behaviours or watching a videotaped interview. Additionally, the participant's regulatory focus was operationalized as both an induced situational state and a measured chronic trait. The results supported our hypotheses by showing a significant interaction of the interviewer's regulatory focus and the IM tactics on interview evaluation: the promotion-assertive and the prevention-defensive ratings were more positive than the prevention-assertive and the promotion-defensive ratings. Moreover, mediation analysis revealed that the interaction exerts its effects on interview evaluation by providing interviewers with an intrapersonal regulatory fit experience.