Combined effect of early life stress and acute stress on colonic sensory and motor responses through serotonin pathways: differences between proximal and distal colon in rats

Clinically, adults who have experienced stresses in childhood present with episodes of serious symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome that are associated with acute stress, but the mechanism is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the colonic sensory/motor responses to acute water avoidance stress (WAS) in male adult rats subjected to neonatal maternal separation (NMS), and the underlying mechanism of sensory/motor responses. Effects of the combined acute and early life stress on visceral sensation, colonic motility, and the tissue and luminal content of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the proximal and distal colon were evaluated using the abdominal withdrawal reflex test, faecal pellet output measurement and capillary electrophoresis analysis, respectively. Results showed that WAS significantly increased not only visceral sensitivity but also colonic motility in NMS rats compared to the normal rats. These alterations were accompanied by significant increase in 5-HT content in the proximal but not the distal colonic tissues; these alterations were also associated with increased density of enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the proximal segment. In contrast, the faecal content of 5-HT increased similarly in both segments. Consecutive administration of parachlorophenylalanine to NMS rats was more potent at 500 mg kg?1 day?1 than at 150 mg kg?1 day?1 in suppressing colonic sensory/motor responses to WAS, corresponding to the greater reduction of the tissue and faecal content of 5-HT and of EC cell density in the colon. These data indicate that combined early life stress and acute stress effectively induce visceral hyperalgesia and motility disorder through 5-HT pathways in the colon of rats, and the proximal and distal colon have different responses towards the combined stressors.     

学习自我效能感:是一般的还是针对特殊领域的?

自我效能感的一般与特殊问题直接关系到对自我效能感本质的理解,是自我效能感研究的一个重要理论问题。本文运用自编和他人编制的一般自我效能感量表和各种不同层次的学习自我效能感量表,对各层次的自我效能感与学习领域各层次的行为表现间的关联进行了考察,试图对学习自我效能感是一般的还是针对特定领域的这一问题作出回答。研究结果发现:各种层次的学习自我效能都会对学习成绩产生预测作用;越特殊的自我效能对相应学习领域影响越大。这既说明针对特殊领域的自我效能对具体行为有更大的预测性,也在某种程度上说明了一般学习自我效能的存在与作用。     

儿童区分幻想和现实的发展特点及作用机制

幻想(Fantasy)是指向未来, 与个人愿望相联系的想象, 且不一定以客观规律为依据。现实(Reality)是存在于日常生活中, 或者与我们生活法则相一致的事物或现象。准确地区分幻想和现实有利于在保护儿童想象力的同时, 确保他们的人身安全。国内外研究发现, 儿童区分幻想和现实的能力随着年龄的增长而提高; 受外部(实验材料的情感色彩、人物和主题类型)和内部(个体情绪感知强度、经验)因素的影响; 语言、元认知、心理理论和认知神经等可能是儿童区分幻想和现实的作用机制。未来研究需探索各种作用机制在儿童年龄与区分幻想和现实能力之间可能的调节效应, 以及儿童混淆幻想和现实的认知神经。在此基础上, 进一步明确既保护儿童想象力又确保其人身安全的有效措施。     

视觉表象个体差异及其神经基础

视觉表象涉及人类一种重要信息表征方式, 与工作记忆和注意相比, 视觉表象研究更为关注其所产生的主观内容, 而这一主观内容的产生存在明显的个体差异。本文从个体差异的角度, 系统介绍了视觉表象个体差异的表现与内在的神经基础及其可能的应用, 并展望了未来的研究方向。本研究将有助于对视觉表象个体差异的认识, 促进视觉表象功能与实质问题研究的进一步开展。     

为僧作净:古代印度佛教寺院中的净人与园民

一、问题的提出古代印度佛教寺院,通常依靠与净人分数,获取受封土地内,包括耕垦种植在内的各种利益,利率原则上为六分取一。然而,僧人放弃"分数",自为经理农田的现象同时存在。至于具体操作方式,依义净所记,即为"自使奴婢,躬检营农"[1]。     

Validation of the Empathy Quotient in Mainland China

This research aimed to validate a simplified Chinese version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ; 60 items) for use with Mainland Chinese people. The original English version of the EQ was translated into simplified Chinese. Through an online survey, 588 Mainland Chinese participants completed the EQ and 3 other questionnaires: the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS–20). Thirty-five participants completed retesting of the EQ 3 to 4 weeks later. Sex differences on the EQ scores and psychometric properties of the EQ items were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that an EQ 15-item structural model fitted the data quite well. Self-report empathy, as assessed by the current simplified Chinese version of the EQ, appeared to relate to participants' autistic and alexithymic traits but not sex.     

积极情绪的概念、功能与意义

积极情绪是指个体由于体内外刺激、事件满足个体需要而产生的伴有愉悦感受的情绪。积极情绪能够激活一般的行动倾向,对于认知具有启动和扩展效应,能够建设个体的资源,撤销消极情绪产生的激活水平,能够促进组织绩效。积极情绪是心理健康的重要组成部分,同时对身体健康具有促进作用。积极情绪对于个体的适应具有广泛的功能与意义     

认知控制对基于位置和颜色返回抑制的影响

采用带颜色的字母为靶刺激.通过操纵被试任务.考察辨别任务中认知控制对基于位置和颜色IoR的影响.结果发现:要求被试辨别带颜色的字母,没有出现基于颜色的IoR;要求被试辨别颜色.出现了基于颜色的IoR.说明.自上而下的认知控制是基于颜色IoR产生的关键因素之一.其内在机制可用抑制模型和注意资源分配理论从不同角度解释.同时,两种任务均未要求被试辨别靶刺激的位置,却都出现了基于位置的IoR,验证了Russell"注意可能存在对位置信息自动加工"的假说.     

The Growth of Children's Semantic and Phonological Networks: Insight From 10 Languages

Children tend to produce words earlier when they are connected to a variety of other words along the phonological and semantic dimensions. Though these semantic and phonological connectivity effects have been extensively documented, little is known about their underlying developmental mechanism. One possibility is that learning is driven by lexical network growth where highly connected words in the child's early lexicon enable learning of similar words. Another possibility is that learning is driven by highly connected words in the external learning environment, instead of highly connected words in the early internal lexicon. The present study tests both scenarios systematically in both the phonological and semantic domains across 10 languages. We show that phonological and semantic connectivity in the learning environment drives growth in both production- and comprehension-based vocabularies, even controlling for word frequency and length. This pattern of findings suggests a word learning process where children harness their statistical learning abilities to detect and learn highly connected words in the learning environment.