精神病态暴力犯执行功能的缺陷*

为了解精神病态罪犯可能存在的执行功能缺陷及其是否受冲动性影响,研究采用精神病态检核表（PCL-R）筛选出30名精神病态组被试和30名非精神病态组被试,通过爱荷华赌博任务（IGT）和河内塔任务（TOH）对两组被试执行功能的特点进行分析,并结合冲动性量表（BIS-11）对其冲动性进行测量。研究发现精神病态组的冲动性显著高于控制组;精神病态组选择高风险的不利牌显著多于对照组,即对惩罚不敏感;精神病态组在河内塔任务中的错误次数及所消耗时间都显著高于控制组;冲动性水平与两任务得分均无显著相关。结果表明,精神病态暴力犯在与前额叶相关的执行功能上存在缺陷,并与个体的高冲动性无关。     

The development of spontaneous trait inferences about the actor and spontaneous trait transferences about the informant: Evidence from children aged 8–13 years

In social‐cognitive research, little attention has been paid to the developmental course of spontaneous trait inferences about the actor (STIs about the actor) and spontaneous trait transferences about the informant (STTs about the informant). Using a false recognition paradigm, Study 1 investigated the developmental course of STIs and Study 2 investigated the developmental course of STTs, comparing 8‐, 9‐, 10‐, 11‐, 12‐ and 13‐year olds. The results of Study 1 showed that 8‐year olds could make STIs about the actor, and the magnitude of STIs increased from ages 8 to 10 years, stabilised at the age of 10, 11, 12 years, and decreased from ages 12 through 13 years. The results of Study 2 showed that 8‐year olds could make STTs about the informant, and the magnitude of STTs did not vary with age. In all age groups, the magnitude of STIs about the actor was greater than that of STTs about the informant.     

Exploring correlations between positive psychological resources and symptoms of psychological distress among hematological cancer patients: a cross-sectional study

Hematological cancer patients experience high levels of psychological distress during diagnoses and intensive treatments. The aim of the present study is to explore the effects of positive psychological resources on depressive and anxiety symptoms in hematological cancer patients. This survey was conducted in a hospital during the period from July 2013 to April 2014. A total of 300 inpatients were recruited and finally 227 of them completed the questionnaires. Questionnaires included demographic and clinical variables, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, the Life Orientation Scale-Revised, the General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Resilience Scale-14. Results showed that the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms was 66.1 and 45.8%, respectively. Both optimism (β = ?.479, p < .001) and resilience (β = ?.174, p < .05) were negatively associated with depressive symptoms, and optimism (β = ?.393, p < .001) was negatively associated with anxiety symptoms. However, resilience (β = ?.133, p > .05) was not significantly associated with anxiety symptoms, and self-efficacy was not significantly associated with depressive (β = ?.032, p > .05) or anxiety symptoms (β = ?.055, p > .05). The results suggest that hematological cancer patients who possess high levels of positive psychological resources may have fewer symptoms of psychological distress. The findings indicate that enhancing positive psychological resources can be considered in developing intervention strategies for decreasing depressive and anxiety symptoms.     

小学4～6年级儿童数学应用题表征模型的使用研究

该研究考察了小学4～6年级学生在数学应用题中理解阶段和执行阶段使用表征模型的情况,研究运用实验法对某普通小学的158名4～6年级学生进行了应用题改写任务和缩写任务.结果表明：（1）学生在理解阶段更多地选择情境条件,使用情境模型来表征问题;在执行阶段较少选择情境条件,转而使用问题模型来表征问题;（2）随着年级的升高,相对于优等生来说,其他学生在缩写任务中对情境条件的选择数量越来越少,而优等生在这方面一直都做得很好.差等生识别多余条件的能力并没有随着年级的升高而发生改变,而优等生却在不断增强.     

Relationship between the fatigue cracking probability and the grain-boundary category

In this paper, the probability of fatigue cracking along different kinds of grain boundary (GB) and persistent slip bands (PSBs) is considered in the light of data obtained by cyclic deformation of copper bicrystals and columnar crystals. It is found that, in copper bicrystals, fatigue cracks always nucleate and propagate along large-angle GBs, irrespective of whether the GB is perpendicular, parallel or inclined to the stress axis. On the contrary, for columnar copper crystals containing small-angle GBs, PSB-matrix interfaces become the preferential sites for initiation of fatigue crack; fatigue cracking along the small-angle GBs was never observed. For a special [1-34]/[182^-7] copper bicrystal with a Sigma = 19b GB and a common primary slip plane, GB cracking also results in fatigue failure. Based on the results above, the interactions of dislocations carried by PSBs with GBs, including 'pile-up of dislocations', 'passing through of dislocations' and 'partial passing-through dislocations', are discussed. It is suggested that the probability of fatigue cracking in fatigued copper crystals increases in the order of small-angle GBs, PSBs and large-angle GBs.     

Career adaptability,calling and the professional competence of social work students in China: A career construction perspective

Based on career construction theory, the current research examined individual and contextual predictors for the professional competence of Chinese undergraduates majoring in social work (N = 270). Results showed that career concern and career curiosity predicted social work students' professional competence, with these relations mediated by the calling in social work. It was also found that the positive effect of calling on professional competence was stronger among students who perceived a lower level of career-oriented learning environment. The corresponding moderated mediation model was supported such that the indirect effects of career concern and career curiosity on professional competence were stronger among students who perceived a lower level of career-oriented learning environment. These findings carry implications for research on career construction theory, as well as career education and career counseling practices.     

Fostering critical religious thinking in multicultural education for teacher education

Religious diversity as a consequence of global immigration has become a cultural phenomenon of pluralism in society. The fear of indoctrination and the desire for religious freedom fuel the debate on whether to remove religion from school education. Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed offers a positive perspective on the debate by calling attention to the pedagogy of religious education in the pursuit of religious freedom for all human beings. Rather than transferring religious knowledge to students, the challenge for religious education is to foster critical religious thinking in them. Unfortunately, many teachers lack the confidence to address religious issues, as well as lacking support in the professional development of critical religious thinking. Hence, this article proposes a tentative model for fostering critical religious thinking that might fit into a course in multicultural education for teachers.     

连续和同时线索化条件下的返回抑制容量

利用线索-靶子模式进行了返回抑制容量的两个实验。实验一对外周数个位置连续线索化,实验二对外周数个位置同时线索化。结果表明：(1)在连续线索化条件下,当线索化位置是相邻时,返回抑制容量可以达到4个,当线索化位置是间隔时,返回抑制容量只有1个。(2)在同时线索化条件下．当线索化位置是相邻时,返回抑制容量可以达到3个,当线索化位置是间隔时．返回抑制容量只有1个。结果支持认为存在着两种不同的返回抑制的观点,即一种是弥散性的,其容量较大;另一种是集中性的,其容量只有一个。     

普通话韵律词重音知觉

实验一研究了韵律词重音的多个声学相关物,及其对韵律词重音知觉贡献的大小,结果表明,按照贡献大小的次序,影响普通话韵律词重音感知的声学参数是：时长、音高、频谱倾斜和平均能量。实验二研究非声学参数因素对普通话韵律词重音知觉的影响,实验结果表明,听者关于普通话韵律词重音方面的语言学知识对韵律词重音的知觉有显著影响。     

对学生学习成绩与社会行为的交叉滞后分析

采用二元交叉滞后回归分析法考察小学四、五年级学生和初中一、二年级学生在21个月中的学校适应与学习成绩之间的关系。结果发现,在同时性测量中,由教师评价获得的中小学生的社交领导能力、定向耐挫能力、果敢性社交技能得分和同伴积极提名分数与他们的学习成绩之间均存在正相关关系,而他们的攻击破坏得分、学习适应不良得分以及小学生的同伴消极提名分均与他们的学习成绩有显著的负相关关系。二元交叉滞后回归分析结果表明,小学生在前测中的社交领导能力得分、攻击破坏得分、定向耐挫得分、学习适应不良得分、果敢性社交技能得分同伴积极和消极提名得分均可以预测21个月后的学习成绩。对中学生来说,这种预测关系只在攻击破坏行为、定向耐挫行为中存在。中小学生的害羞抑制得分和焦虑抑郁得分与他们的学习成绩之间既没有同时性的相关关系,也没有滞后性的预测关系。