6-10岁儿童对几种常见自然事物的认知发展的实验研究

本研究的目的是探讨儿童对几种常见的自然事物的认知发展的问题。共有太阳、月亮、空气、云、雨等自然概念19个,分为四组。个别地要求儿童逐一回答“是什么?”“有无共同的地方?”“为什么”?被试是6—10岁的儿童,分为5个年龄组,每组20人,共100人。 实验结果表明:1.儿童对常见的自然现象的认知水平随年龄而增长。大致可分为两个阶段:不理解和含混阶段;过渡阶段。6—10岁儿童的认知水平大都处于过渡阶段。2.对本研究所涉及的内容的认知,8—10岁儿童是认知发展的飞跃阶段。此外,儿童对自然事物的概念的认知较早,对一类自然事物的共同属性的概括稍晚,对自然事物的因果联系的认知更晚。3.利用自身经验解释自然现象是儿童认知的一个重要特点。决定这一特点的因素,除年龄外,还有对象的性质及儿童经验的多寡等。4.环境教育和文化影响对儿童的认知能力的发展,有极其重要的作用。     

儿童对物体运动速度的认知发展——4—10岁儿童比较匀速直线运动物体速度的实验(上)

本研究的目的是探讨不同年龄儿重速度认知发展的水平和特点。被试为4—10岁儿童共140人。采用个别实验。主试让儿童比较等速匀速运动中四种不同实验条件下两个玩具汽车行驶的速度。每做完一个项目后,不管儿童回答是否正确都要求儿童说明理由。本文仅报告实验的一部分结果。部分实验结果表明:本研究的各个项目所测得的儿童能力彼此有一定程度的内部的一致性;同一儿童的许多反应之间大多是有一定的一致性的。     

6—12岁儿童识图能力的发展

本实验通过让儿童将不同抽象程度及不同角度(0°或180°)的图与模型相匹配,来了解6—12岁儿童在识图能力方面的发展变化。重点考察图的抽象性及图的旋转(180°)对二维和三维匹配过程的影响。通过对儿童正确和错误反应的分析,我们可以看到:(1)儿童的识图能力有一个从开始的自我中心性反应到利用标记来反应,最后依靠心理旋转进行反应的发展过程;(2)图的抽象性对识图能力的影响只在识国能力水平较低时起作用;(3)图的旋转对儿童的识图有明显的影响,6岁时儿童已能认识无旋转的图,但直到8岁以后,儿童认识旋转180°的图的能力才有较好的发展。     

略论儿童认知发展是阶段性和连续性的统一

本文作者根据近年来在时间、速度、分类、数和运动等儿童认知发展领域所进行的一系列实验结果阐明了儿童认知发展是阶段性和连续性的统一的理论观点。     

Evaluation of a structural polymorphism in the ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) gene and the activation of executive attention networks

The specificity of genetic effects on brain activation is a central issue in understanding how molecular actions at the synapse relate to anatomic patterns of brain activity. In an effort to understand the basis for the specificity of gene-associated brain activity, we explore a well-studied genetic polymorphism, TaqIA, which lies downstream of the DRD2 gene in the protein-encoding region of a neighboring gene, ANKK1, which is not expressed in the brain. We utilize the attention network test and find that carriers of the A1 allele show gene-associated functional activation in an anatomically specific, dopamine-rich region of the brain comprising the anterior cingulate gyrus, a finding partially consistent with prior data from functional imaging genetics. A review of the patterns of expression for ANKK1 and DRD2 and the extent of linkage disequilibrium between the two genes sheds light on additional criteria for the selection of candidate genes in imaging-genetic studies.     

Towards a Confucian Virtue Bioethics: Reframing Chinese Medical Ethics in a Market Economy

This essay addresses a moral and cultural challenge facing health care in the People’s Republic of China: the need to create an understanding of medical professionalism that recognizes the new economic realities of China and that can maintain the integrity of the medical profession. It examines the rich Confucian resources for bioethics and health care policy by focusing on the Confucian tradition’s account of how virtue and human flourishing are compatible with the pursuit of profit. It offers the Confucian account of the division of labor and the financial inequalities this produces with special attention to China’s socialist project of creating the profession of barefoot doctors as egalitarian peasant physicians and why this project failed. It then further develops the Confucian acknowledgement of the unequal value of different services and products and how this conflicts with the current system of payment to physicians which has led to the corruption of medical professionalism through illegal supplementary payments. It further gives an account the oblique intentionality of Confucian moral psychology that shows how virtuous persons can pursue benevolent actions while both foreseeing profit and avoiding defining their character by greed. This account of Confucian virtue offers the basis for a medical professionalism that can function morally within a robustly profit-oriented market economy. The paper concludes with a summary of the characteristics of Confucian medical professionalism and of how it places the profit motive within its account of virtue ethics.     

Permitting immoral behaviour: A generalized compensation belief hypothesis

When are we more likely to permit immoral behaviours? The current research examined a generalized compensation belief hypothesis that individuals, as observers, would morally tolerate and accept someone paying forward unfair treatment to an innocent person as a means to compensate for the perpetrator's previously experienced mistreatment. Across five experiments (N = 1107) based on economic games (Studies 1–4) and diverse real-life scenarios (Study 5), we showed that participants, as observing third parties, were more likely to morally permit and engage in the same negative act once they knew about previous maltreatment of the perpetrator. This belief occurred even when the content of received and paid-forward maltreatment was non-identical (Study 2), when the negative treatment was received from a non-human target (Study 3) and when the maltreatment was intangible (e.g. material loss) or relational (e.g. social exclusion; Study 5). Perceived required compensation mediated the effect of previous maltreatment on moral permission (Studies 4 and 5). The results consistently suggest that people's moral permission of immoral behaviours is influenced by perpetrator's previous mistreatment, contributing to a better understanding of the nature and nuances of our sense of fairness and contextualized moral judgement.     

Experiencing Buddhist practices promotes nonbelievers’ preference for future rewards in intertemporal choices

Religious individuals often prefer future rewards more in intertemporal decision-making than nonreligious individuals, but the reasons behind this preference remain under-investigated. Focusing on decision-making in Buddhist culture, the current study aimed to examine three potential mechanisms: Buddhist practices, self-control and belief in future-oriented concepts. In five studies, we consistently found that nonbelievers’ preference ratings for Larger and Later (LL) options increased after visiting a temple (Study 1, n = 99) or participating in Buddha name chanting (Studies 2–5, n = 314). We also found in Studies 3 and 4 that this effect was mediated by the individual's level of self-control, but no evidence was found to support the mediation of belief in future-oriented concepts. These results contribute to the work attesting to the effect of religious practices on individuals (especially nonbelievers). They also provide a mechanism (self-control) for the positive correlation between individuals’ religiousness and preference for future rewards in intertemporal decision-making.     

中美成年人和老年人数学能力发展的比较研究

采用一套心理计量测验考察中美两国青老年被试在算术能力、知觉速度及空间方位能力方面的操作是否有国家间和年龄组间差异,不同领域之间是否有不同的能力模式。测验结果表明：在知觉速度和空间方位测验上,中美青年组的操作成绩均明显超过老年组;在算术能力测验上,中国青年组的成绩仍超过老年组,但美国青老年组间则无明显差异;中国青年组在算术能力测验上成绩优于美国同龄组,在其它两个测验上则无明显差异;在所有能力测验上中美老年组的成绩都无明显差异;总的模式表明,美国青年的算术能力呈逐代下降趋势,中国儿童和青年的算术能力远远超过美国同龄人的状况可能只是个近期的现象。     

目前针灸临床研究存在的问题及对策

针对目前针灸临床研究中存在的系列问题,提出用系统工程的理论和方法加以解决。其对策包括：整体考察与多因素研究;探讨有关因素的主次作用及交互关系;攻克优化组合方案;研究的数学化;加强机能状态与疗效关系的研究;综合研究,系统管理;系统开放,联用它法。同时认为,倡导用包括系统科学在内的自然辨证法的观点和方法指导针灸临床的研究,将促进研究的深化和导致研究质的飞跃。