5—13岁儿童空间认知发展的研究——判别相等面积的再探

本实验是《5—11岁儿童两种空间关系认知发展的实验研究》的继续,但将内部被占面积改为圆形。结果表明:儿童判别面积从直觉判断发展到推理判断之间经历一种过渡形态。表现为,在同一判别中直觉和推理活动交错;能将被占面积各部分整合成整体,但对剩余面积部分的判别受直觉因素束缚;理解等量减等量所余相等原理,但不能用来解决面临的课题等四种形式。完成这种过渡需要解决三个相互联系的问题。也再次证明儿童判别面积这种空间认知发展,在一定年龄范围存在着阶段性特点,同时儿童这种认知能力的显露程度又以课题条件难易为转移。     

八至十五岁儿童交集概念和解交集数学题能力的发展研究——儿童认知结构发展变化的研究之一

本文探讨了8—15岁儿童掌握交集概念的发展水平及解答交集应用题的过程,分析了儿童认知过程中各认知成分的交互作用。 实验结果表明:小学儿童已具有掌握简单交集概念的心理基础;对交集的认知包括概念、表象、感知操作等成分的交互作用,其中表象、感知操作成分具有重要意义;儿童解交集课题是一种主动积极的认知活动,他们主动思考,采取策略,通过实物和图片的帮助而上升到概念水平上的理解。     

灵长动物初级抽象概括能力的比较实验研究(Ⅰ)金丝猴对实物、照片和画片的概括

本实验的目的是研究金丝猴对于从三维客体到其二维的照片及图片的概括能力。实验在三只未成年金丝猴身上进行。在基础训练中,训练动物辨别墨水瓶模型和小房子模型。然后用它们的照片和图画进行测验。实验表明三只金丝猴都不能把对客体的辨别迁移到照片和图画上去。     

4-6岁儿童认知发展过程中直接认知成分与间接认知成分相互关系的研究

本实验是分析学前儿童认知过程中三种不同的条件(实物、照片、语言指示)对儿童计数、操作和比较活动的影响,探讨认知的各直接成分和各间接成分的关系在儿童认知发展中的作用;并了解3—6岁儿童在三种认知活动中的特点。     

The Lived Experiences of Addiction Counselors After Marijuana Legalization

This qualitative study examines the perceptions of counselors who work with populations with addictions in states where marijuana has been legalized. Findings include themes related to client experiences, counselor experiences, specific interventions, and lack of understanding.     

视觉注意捕获的快速脱离假说与信号抑制假说

快速脱离假说和信号抑制假说都是将传统的自下而上捕获和自上而下控制结合起来的混合模式假说。快速脱离假说认为突显干扰物总能在第一时间自下而上地捕获注意, 当突显干扰物与任务要求不符时, 注意会迅速脱离该位置。信号抑制假说认为突显干扰物都会产生“注意我”的信号, 当突显干扰物与任务要求不符时, 该信号会被自上而下地抑制以阻止注意捕获发生。前者相关的研究多采用空间线索提示范式和眼动脱离范式, 实验中被试采取独子探测策略, 而后者相关的研究多采用额外单例范式的变式, 实验中被试采取特征探测策略。未来研究应采用不同的刺激类型和实验方法进一步为两个假说提供证据支持, 同时要关注奖赏、训练等因素对“捕获-脱离”和“信号-抑制”的影响。     

Hobson’s Conception of Definable Numbers

In this paper, I explore an intriguing view of definable numbers proposed by a Cambridge mathematician Ernest Hobson, and his solution to the paradoxes of definability. Reflecting on König’s paradox and Richard’s paradox, Hobson argues that an unacceptable consequence of the paradoxes of definability is that there are numbers that are inherently incapable of finite definition. Contrast to other interpreters, Hobson analyses the problem of the paradoxes of definability lies in a dichotomy between finitely definable numbers and not finitely definable numbers. To bypass this predicament, Hobson proposes a language dependent analysis of definable numbers, where the diagonal argument is employed as a means to generate more and more definable numbers. This paper examines Hobson’s work in its historical context, and articulates his argument in detail. It concludes with a remark on Hobson’s analysis of definability and Alan Turing’s analysis of computability.     

中文阅读中长距离回视引导机制的眼动研究

从记忆的角度, 探讨中文阅读中长距离回视的引导机制。采用眼动实验, 操纵了回视条件(实验1)、回视可见性(实验2)、目标词位置及词频变量。结果发现:与不阅读组相比, 阅读组的最初回视误差更小, 定位效率更高; 与可见组相比, 不可见组累积回视距离更大, 且难以正确定位目标; 目标词位置主效应显著, 而词频主效应不显著。结果表明, 回视具有空间选择性, 最初的回视由空间记忆引导, 最初回视后的修正眼跳在文本可见情况下才能正常进行, 而词频这一言语属性对回视没有显著影响, 本研究结果支持了空间编码假设。     

Nonmonetary and nonreciprocal freecycling: Motivations for participating in online alternative giving communities

This research examines consumers' participation in a nonmonetary, nonreciprocal form of online consumer exchange wherein consumers may decide to give only, receive only, or both give and receive. Given the lack of financial incentives or relational norms that would traditionally drive participation in this societally beneficial consumption activity for which we advance the term alternative giving, this research examines consumers' participation motivations. Are consumers, as prior research suggests, motivated to participate in alternative giving activities on the basis of prosocial motives or for other reasons? Through a content analysis of the online Freecycle Network, we found that participation is driven primarily by fundamental consumer needs and wants, though other prosocial, less materialistic factors are also drivers. Our findings also identify an inconsistency in product categories between what givers offer and what receivers seek, suggesting that supply–demand imbalances can emerge within alternative giving communities.     

Fitting a psychometric function to price judgments: an analysis of consumers' discounted prices

We examined a psychometric function of price judgment, comparing the mental ruler model, which predicted inverted S-shaped psychometric function, with a power function. Subjects, 102 citizens living in Japan, were asked to rate satisfaction with specified discounted prices. Analysis indicated that predictions of the mental ruler model gave a better fit than those of the power function.