《穆勒评注》中的交往异化:马克思的转折点——马克思《詹姆斯·穆勒〈政治经济学原理〉一书摘要》研究

迄今为止,人们往往把《巴黎手稿》的异化理论归结为异化劳动。而实际上它决不仅仅指《第一手稿》中的异化劳动,还指《穆勒评注》中的交往异化。交往异化是马克思走出孤立人的自我异化逻辑,走向复杂的社会关系逻辑的关键环节,也是马克思建构社会概念以及唯物史观的前提。因此,交往异化在思想水平上高于异化劳动,《穆勒评注》在理论上也比《第一手稿》成熟,我们应该遵循《第一手稿》在前《穆勒评注》在后的文献学顺序解读《巴黎手稿》。如果说马克思在其早期思想发展过程中有一次根本性转变的话,《穆勒评注》就是这次转变的转折点。     

帛书《老子》的特殊体系所反映的学术思想特色

帛书《老子》甲、乙两本均为“德”篇在前,“道”篇在后,对于这一特殊体系,学术界曾经提出过很多富有启发性的见解,但始终未能达成共识。本文认为《老子》一书统言“道”“德”,以《老子》原本就是“道”前“德”后顺序作为推论的前提是不可靠的。帛书《老子》的“德”前“道”后体系远在韩非之前的黄老学者那里就已经固定,它反映了《老子》文本发展史上开始以篇题分篇的初始面貌,同时也符合时代思维发展的特点。今本体系的《老子》出自战国晚期的法家学者之手,而这个法家学者很可能就是韩非。     

句法加工的ERP研究综述

句法加工是语言理解中的重要环节。句法加工的脑机制问题是心理语言学和认知神经科学的重要研究内容。使用事件相关电位(ERP)技术对句法加工的脑机制的研究已经取得了一些重要的研究成果,发现了句法加工的早成分(LAN)和晚成分(P600/SPS),确立了一些句法加工的研究范式。在这个过程中,也还有一些问题存在争论。该文将对句法加工的ERP研究的成果和问题分别进行介绍和讨论。     

中国传统思维方式的转换历程

思维形式是深藏于民族文化底层的、具有相对稳定性、并对人们的行为方式起支配作用的文化现象。文化的差异,却又使思维形式存在着一定的相对独立性和相对稳定性。笔者认为,探讨中国传统思维方式,是进一步理解中国传统文化及其如何融入当代社会的关键一环。更重要的是,在对传统文化的扬弃过程中,中国传统思维方式的转换起着至关重要的作用。     

Virtual environment training system for rehabilitation of stroke patients with unilateral neglect: crossing the virtual street.

In this paper, we propose a system for training of stroke patients with unilateral neglect by using technology of virtual reality (VR). The proposed system is designed to compensate for unilateral neglect. This system contains the calibration of unilateral neglect and the training of this disease. The calibration procedure is implemented by aligning the virtual object at a subjective middle line. The training procedure is implemented by completing the missions that are used to keep the virtual avatar safe during crossing the street in a virtual environment. The results of this study show that the proposed system is effective to train unilateral neglect. The left to right ratio scores extracted from this system gradually decrease as the sessions of training are repeated. To validate the VR system parameters, the parameters are analyzed by correlation with those of traditional unilateral neglect assessment methods (such as the line bisection test and the cancellation test).     

The effects of time pressure on chess skill: an investigation into fast and slow processes underlying expert performance

The ability to play chess is generally assumed to depend on two types of processes: slow processes such as search, and fast processes such as pattern recognition. It has been argued that an increase in time pressure during a game selectively hinders the ability to engage in slow processes. Here we study the effect of time pressure on expert chess performance in order to test the hypothesis that compared to weak players, strong players depend relatively heavily on fast processes. In the first study we examine the performance of players of various strengths at an online chess server, for games played under different time controls. In a second study we examine the effect of time controls on performance in world championship matches. Both studies consistently show that skill differences between players become less predictive of the game outcome as the time controls are tightened. This result indicates that slow processes are at least as important for strong players as they are for weak players. Our findings pose a challenge for current theorizing in the field of expertise and chess.     

中国高中学生中的反应风格及其效应

通过测试正反向陈述的NEO-FFI和EPQ,探讨了中国高中生中默认、极端化、折中化、弹性反应风格的特点,及题目陈述方向的改变对其人格测验信效度的影响。结果发现反应风格在中国高中生中确实存在,折中化和弹性风格对测验的影响最为严重,其次为极端化风格,默认风格则可能不算一种偏差。NEO-FFI量表在使用反向陈述题目时信效度下降,说明由于教育水平低而使高中生理解反向题时存在困难     

场依存—独立认知方式干扰抑制的比较

采用镶嵌图形测验筛选出28名被试完成Stroop干扰任务,探讨场依存—独立认知方式的个体在信息加工过程中对无关信息干扰抑制机制的特点和差异。结果表明：（1）场独立者在认知加工中具有较场依存者更强的对无关信息干扰的抑制效能。（2）在Stroop任务中,对字色也存在自动化加工,只是自动化程度较低。     

Rethinking culture and self-construal: China as a middle land

Amid criticisms of current paper-and-pencil type questionnaires measuring self-construal across cultural groups, the authors used a graphic representation scale to examine whether Anglo Canadians (N = 220) were more independent than Mainland Chinese (N = 196) and Indians (N = 212) in construing their relationships with closest family member, family members, closest friend, friends, (other) relatives, colleagues, and neighbors. Data generated 5 intriguing findings: (a) Chinese were more interdependent than Canadians but less so than Indians, indicating that Chinese culture has become more individualistic. (b) Canadians were more independent than Chinese in 6 relationship dimensions but were as interdependent as Chinese in self-closest-friend connectedness, somewhat contradicting 1 assumption of theories of independent-interdependent self-construal and individualism-collectivism (I-C). (c) Canadians were more independent than Indians in all relationship dimensions, supporting theories of independent-interdependent self-construal and I-C. (d) Chinese were as interdependent as Indians in self-closest-family-member, self-close-family-members, and self-relatives connectedness but more independent than Indians in the other categories of self-other relationships. (e) Participants' age did not have strong correlations with variables measuring self-construal in any sample, indicating that a person's attachment style may not change greatly over a lifespan. The authors discussed theoretical and methodological implications.     

An IRT Model with a Parameter-Driven Process for Change

An IRT model with a parameter-driven process for change is proposed. Quantitative differences between persons are taken into account by a continuous latent variable, as in common IRT models. In addition, qualitative interindividual differences and autodependencies are accounted for by assuming within-subject variability with respect to the parameters of the IRT model. In particular, the parameters of the IRT model are governed by an unobserved or “hidden'” homogeneous Markov process. The model includes the mixture linear logistic test model (Mislevy & Verhelst, 1990), the mixture Rasch model (Rost, 1990), and the Saltus model (Wilson, 1989) as specific instances. The model is applied to a longitudinal experiment on discontinuity in conservation acquisition (van der Maas, 1993). Frank Rijmen was supported by the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO), the GOA/2000/02 granted by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven to Paul De Boeck and Iven Van Mechelen, and the PDM/02/067 granted by the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven to Paul De Boeck.