新科技革命与唯物史观

当今世界,科技进步日新月异.世界科学技术酝酿着新的突破,一场新的科技革命和产业革命正在兴起.事实表明,新科技革命的影响已远远超越了科技领域本身而触及到当代社会的生产生活方式,提出了许多新的历史观问题,亟待我们去深化唯物史观的研究.同时事实也表明,只有坚持唯物史观才能真正认识新科技革命的本质和趋势,从而掌握进行新科技革命和新产业革命的主动权.     

铜镜与早期道教

AATOSMI从出土文物来看,从西汉末期开始,铜镜纹饰一扫春秋战国及汉初朴素简单的风格而趋于华丽与复杂,其中最突出的一点便是反映道家思想的题材广泛流行。西汉前期铸造的铜镜在纹饰上与战国镜相比并无多大差别,在样式及题材方面多继承战国,少有创新。至汉武帝时期,真正意义上的汉代铜镜开始兴起,东汉后期画像镜与神兽镜异军突起,其镜面纹饰大量采用神仙思想的题材。这其中有两个重要内容与早期道教关系极为密切:一是西王母为代表的道教神仙,二是渴求长生不老的镜铭。汉代画像镜中大量西王母及其他神仙画像的出现正是当时社会历史的真实反…     

Rats’ visual-spatial working memory: New object choice accuracy as a function of number of objects in the study array

When rats had to find new (jackpot) objects for rewards from among previously sampled baited objects, increasing the number of objects in the sample (study) segment of a trial from 3 to 5 and then to 7 (Experiment 1) or from 3 to 6 and 9 (Experiments 2 and 3) or from 6 to 9 and 12 (Experiment 4) did not reduce rats’ test segment performance. Increasing study segment size improved test segment performance contrary the limited-capacity hypothesis concerning rats’ spatial working memory. This effect occurred when objects either differed visually (Experiments 1, 2, 4) or only by odor (Experiment 3). Rats performed no better than chance in finding a jackpot on their first choice from among three visually different objects in Experiments 1 and 2. Furthermore, results from Experiments 2 and 3 indicate that differences in the probability of finding a jackpot by chance in Experiment 1 were not responsible for failure to find the predicted inverse relationship. Results from Experiment 4 indicate that those from Experiments 2 and 3 were not solely due to size of test arrays. We discussed whether our findings could be attributed to innate foraging or perceptual isolation processes during testing or to perceptual encoding processes during exposure to study segment arrays.     

A systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans

On the basis of several reviews of the literature, Lynn [Lynn, R., (2006). Race differences in intelligence: An evolutionary analysis. Augusta, GA: Washington Summit Publishers.] and Lynn and Vanhanen [Lynn, R., & Vanhanen, T., (2006). IQ and global inequality. Augusta, GA: Washington Summit Publishers.] concluded that the average IQ of the Black population of sub-Saharan Africa lies below 70. In this paper, the authors systematically review published empirical data on the performance of Africans on the following IQ tests: Draw-A-Man (DAM) test, Kaufman-Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), the Wechsler scales (WAIS & WISC), and several other IQ tests (but not the Raven's tests). Inclusion and exclusion criteria are explicitly discussed. Results show that average IQ of Africans on these tests is approximately 82 when compared to UK norms. We provide estimates of the average IQ per country and estimates on the basis of alternative inclusion criteria. Our estimate of average IQ converges with the finding that national IQs of sub-Saharan African countries as predicted from several international studies of student achievement are around 82. It is suggested that this estimate should be considered in light of the Flynn Effect. It is concluded that more psychometric studies are needed to address the issue of measurement bias of western IQ tests for Africans.     

张鲁生平新考

关于张鲁生平的史传,较详细地记载了其任督义司马袭杀张修至归降曹操一段,而对于其生卒年及其他事件却没有明确地说明。本文以三张与张修的关系为视角,运用新材料对张鲁的生平进行了再考证。     

Some remarks on the re-building of the category of essence and the reflective modernity

If modernity is manifested as essentialism, postmodernity is manifested as anti-essentialism. Modernity is, in essence, human beings’ discovery of their own power, and is based on rational knowledge that has grasped the essence of things. In fact, in the discourse system of modernity, the various concepts of “essence” connote nothing but people’s imaginative constructions and rational conjectures about objects. In the past, our order, be it internal or external, was in essence guaranteed by God. Afterwards, all “essences”, as essences, must rationally prove the reason for their existence. In the postmodern context and discourse system, God, and also the “human being” who has created essence, has “died”. We should not simply resume the belief in traditional essence, but should reconstruct, on the basis of a full understanding of the intellectual meaning of postmodernity’s challenges, some historicity, practicality, and the concept of essence that accords with the historical as well as communicative rationality. We must realize that the essence of things is the essence of particular things in a particular stage of development, internally containing infinite differences and variety. Only things with postmodern traits contain modernity, and only the concept of essence that conceives difference accords with time.     

Blue Monday Is Real for Suicide: A Case–Control Study of 188,601 Suicides

Many studies have reported that suicides tend to occur on Mondays. However, owing to a lack of controls, conclusive findings on the potential effects of a day of the week on suicides have been lacking. We analyzed public data for causes of death from 1997 to 2015 in the Republic of Korea. Accidental death was used as a control group. The probability of suicide on each day of the week according to age group was calculated. A total of 377,204 deaths (188,601 suicides and 188,603 accidental deaths) were used. The frequency of suicide was highest on Monday and decreased throughout the week until Saturday. Accidental death was highest on Saturday and showed no variations according to weekday. For people in their teens and 20s, the probabilities of suicide on Monday were 9% and 10% higher, respectively, than those on Sunday. As age increased, the differences in suicide probability according to the day of the week were attenuated. The so‐called Blue Monday effect is real, particularly for people in their teens and 20s. Suicide prevention strategies that aim to attenuate the burden and stress of Mondays should be planned.     

清光绪皇帝为广州六榕寺赐匾考

<正>2019年7月,笔者来到位于台北士林外双溪流域的故宫博物院,在图书文献馆查询到一份清代中央政府军机处关涉六榕寺的密档折件,题为《奏报恩赐捐银兴学之六榕寺僧铁禅[1]匾额事(折片)》。这份奏折是时任头品顶戴兵部尚书衔署理两广总督岑春煊所呈,落款日期为"光绪三十年二月二十八日"[2]。台北故宫博物院图书文献馆报请馆方,最终同意将这份文献的原件扫描后免费供我学术研究及刊载使用。这份奏折亦是台北故宫博物院收藏关涉广州六榕寺的唯一官方档案原件,弥足珍贵。     

小学一年级数学新教材插图效果的眼动研究

采用2×3两因素混合实验设计,使用美国应用科学实验室（ASL）生产的EVM3200型眼动仪,对小学一年级学生阅读配有不同背景插图应用题的阅读理解指标和眼动指标进行考察。结果表明：无论应用题难易,学生对有背景插图的阅读理解优于对无背景插图的理解;复杂的插图背景有利于学生理解较难应用题;简单的插图背景有利于学生理解较容易应用题;眼动实验结果表明,小学一年级数学新教材插图效果较好