Perceived social context and risk preference: A re-examination of framing effects in a life-death decision problem

This study examines the effects of perceived group context on subjects risk attitudes and their sensitivity to the framing of choice outcomes in a ‘life-death’ decision problem. It seeks to uncover the psychological mechanisms underlying decision-making biases by systematically manipulating the decision context in which the ‘life-death’ problem was described. The study revealed that subjects risk preferences varied as a function of the experimental manipulations. Previously observed reversals in preferences (framing effects) appeared in large-group contexts and disappeared in small-group and family contexts. When considering the fate of small groups, subjects unambiguously favored the probabilistic outcome, no matter how the ‘life-death’ decision problem was framed. The empirical data obtained from the present study suggest that human choice patterns are behaviorally distinguishable across large-group, small-group, and family social contexts.     

The role of expectancy in comparative judgments

Researchers interested in the processing of relational information have sought a satisfactory explanation for the congruity effect in linear orders. It is relatively easy to select either the greater of two objects that are high on a dimension or the lesser of two objects that are low on a dimension, but it is relatively difficult to determine the greater of two objects that are low in magnitude or the lesser of two objects that are high in magnitude. One explanation of the congruity effect is the expectancy hypothesis that claims that the choice of the comparative primes objects of particular magnitudes. We present two experiments that demonstrate that a congruity effect of equivalent magnitude is obtained when the comparative is presented after the stimulus pair. Moreover, this equivalence cannot be attributed to the salience of the dimensions we employed, because this equivalence held for stimuli that were classified as salient and for those classified as nonsalient. These findings are interpreted in the context of some current explanations of the congruity effect.     

Promoting Charitable Behaviour with Compliance Techniques

Pour comparer l'impact de trois techniques d'acquiescement sur l'incitation au comportement charitable, on a demandéà 409 personnes de verser $2 à l'American Cancer Society. Cette requête fut immédiatement présentée dans trois groupes contrôle et précédée dans neuf groupes expérimentaux d'une demande préliminaire correspondant à une procédure d'acquiescement à requête multiple. On a d'abord demandé aux sujets soumis à la technique pied dans la porte de répondre à un questionnaire composé 10, 35 ou 60 items. On sollicitait d'abord $10, 25 ou 50 de la part de ceux confrontés à la situation porte dans la figure; et $0,50, 1 ou 1,50 de la part des sujets ras des pâquerettes. Les résultats montrent que les méthodes $10 et 25 porte dans la figure furent les plus rentables. Les sujets contrôle et ras des pâquerettes donnèrent à peu près la même chose et les conditions pied dans la porte furent les moins productives. On discute, à partir de ces découvertes, de la valeur pratique et des inconvénients virtuels de l'application des techniques d'acquiescement à requête multiple pour stimuler le comportement charitable.     

贫困地区初中生学业自我效能、内部动机与学业成绩的关系研究

对贫困地区初中生学业自我效能、内部动机与学业成绩之间关系的测量研究表明：不同学业成绩组学生在自我效能、成功动机、促进性紧张、期望水平和自己责任性方面差异显著;学业自我效能与内部动机诸因素有密切关系、共同构成影响学业成绩的内在因素;对学业成绩正向预测作用最强的是自我效能,其次是促进性紧张和成功交往动机。     

派遣制员工对雇用形式的认知与其工作态度的关系研究

采用派遣制员工对雇用形式的认知等5项问卷,对270名派遣制员工进行测查。结果发现:(1)派遣制员工组织认同、工作投入和工作满意度均处较高水平,离职倾向相对较低。(2)78.9%知道自已的派遣制身份;33.1%愿意作为派遣制员工;对于派遣制存在模糊认识和矛盾心态。(3)知道派遣制身份者组织认同、工作奉献、工作意义和工作乐趣等显著高于不知道者;愿意作为派遣制员工者工作满意度、工作意义和工作奉献显著高于不愿意者。对雇用形式的认知在一定程度上决定派遣制员工的工作态度。     

Connections in the classroom: Separating the effects of instructor and peer relatedness in the basic needs satisfaction scale

When applying self-determination theory to educational settings, evidence suggests that the basic psychological need of relatedness is actually multi-dimensional, which could result in differential influences on intrinsic motivation. Thus, this study proposes a modification to the operationalization of relatedness. The relatedness items from the adapted Basic Satisfaction Needs at Work scale were altered so that items asked students to separately report the amount of connection they feel with their instructors and peers, as opposed to the original items that asked them to more broadly reflect on people in their course. College students (556 female, 321 male) completed a questionnaire assessing their basic psychological needs, including the two new relatedness subscales, motivation, and academic outcomes. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the original relatedness scale should, in fact, be treated as two-dimensional. In addition, of all the basic psychological needs, instructor relatedness was most predictive of student interest/enjoyment in the course and self-reported effort. Conversely, peer relatedness did not significantly predict any outcome variables. Study implications, limitations, and areas for future research are discussed.

     

Development of Ethics Education in Science and Technology in Technical Universities in China

Science and Engineering Ethics - In order to solve a series of problems brought about by rapid development of science and technology, it is necessary not only to conduct in-depth research on...     

儒家文化中的共情观

共情是个体设身处地地共享并理解他人的情绪情感的心理现象,是道德与利他行为的动机源泉。儒家文化作为中国传统文化的主体,蕴含着具有深远理论意义和生动实践意义的共情观。本文将共情的情绪与认知两种成分作为视角,对儒家经典文本中的共情观进行梳理、分析与比较,发现儒家文化中的"恻隐之心"、"一体之仁"、"忠恕之道"、"絜矩之道"等思想观点在作为人们日常生活中接物待人道德伦理观的同时,在社会交往、理解他人等方面与共情具有相同的心理机制以及心理学原理。基于此发现,未来在继续探究儒家核心观念"仁"等文本与共情的联系与区别的同时,还可以针对儒式文化中的共情观,进一步尝试实证性研究。     

比较视觉搜索任务中工作记忆最小化的眼动研究

采用比较视觉搜索任务和眼动追踪技术,通过增加组成图片的图形数量和改变不同图形的特征属性,考察比较视觉搜索任务是否遵循工作记忆最小化原则以及图形特征加工的优先性问题。结果表明图形数量的增加不影响平均每次注视的图形数量,被试平均每次注视1.65个图形,即比较视觉搜索任务仍遵循工作记忆最小化原则。不同图形中颜色和形状都不同的注视时间最短,颜色不同和形状不同在注视时间上差异不显著,表明比较视觉搜索任务中特征维度数量比特征性质在引导注意上具有优先性。事先不规定搜索路径的情况下,被试主要采用系统搜索策略完成比较搜索任务。