Processing of invisible stimuli: advantage of upright faces and recognizable words in overcoming interocular suppression

Familiar and recognizable stimuli enjoy an advantage of predominance during binocular rivalry, and this advantage is usually attributed to their enhanced processing during the dominant phase. However, do familiar and recognizable stimuli have an advantage in breaking suppression? Test images were gradually introduced to one eye to compete against a standard high-contrast dynamic noise pattern presented to the other eye. Results showed that an upright face took less time than an upside-down face to gain dominance against the identical suppression noise. Results also showed that for Chinese readers, Chinese characters were faster to gain dominance than Hebrew words, whereas for Hebrew readers, the reverse was true. These results suggest that familiar and recognizable information, even when suppressed and invisible, is processed differently from unfamiliar information. Apparently, high-level information about visual form does contribute to the strength of a stimulus during its suppressed phase.     

国民政府审级制度析论

审级制度的设计,必须有效平衡诉讼效率与诉讼公正的关系.国民政府实行三级三审制度,虽然改变了民国以来审级制度上的混乱状况,但由于在最高法院的规模控制、不同审级之间的职能分工方面缺少相应的技术规范,审级结构内部又缺乏有效的制约机制,以致法官的敷衍和当事人的滥讼均无有效的制度约束,形成上诉率居高不下,案件拖延积压严重的状况,既丧失了诉讼效率,也没有真正实现诉讼的公正.     

心房颤动:消融术式和机制研究的博弈

房颤机制的经典学说有多发子波假说、主导折返环伴颤动样传导理论、局灶激动学说等.消融治疗房颤先后经历了仿迷宫术、肺静脉内消融、环肺静脉消融、复杂碎裂电位消融等多种术式.机制研究对消融术式的改进有一定的指导意义;消融术式的创新则验证和/或否定了某些机制的成果.二者的博弈极大地推进了房颤的研究进展.     

大众文化对青年大学生价值观的影响及应对

大众文化的流行与发展,对当代青年大学生的思想观念、道德意识、生活方式等诸方面都产生了重要影响,并集中体现为时青年大学生价值观念的影响.由于大众文化在文化功能上的悖论存在,使其对青年大学生价值观的影响既有积极的一面,也有消极的一面.因此,针对大众文化对青年大学生价值观的消极影响,应采取积极有效措施,通过提高对大众文化的认识,注重校园文化的建设及加强思想道德教育等多种途径,来应对大众文化对大学生价值观的冲击及影响.     

社会主义和谐社会思想的伦理意蕴

社会主义和谐社会思想,从伦理学的角度看,至少有三个方面的深刻含义:公平正义是社会主义和谐社会的首要价值标准,而公平正义的实现是以民主法治为前提的;诚信友爱是社会主义和谐社会的人际关系要求,因为人们的相互关系反映着社会的整体和谐程度;共建共享是社会主义争谐社会的最高伦理准则,体现了建设社会主义和谐社会的实践过程和最终结果的统一.     

Chinese kindergartners’ automatic processing of numerical magnitude in Stroop-like tasks

Using Stroop-like tasks, this study examined whether Chinese kindergartners showed automatic processing of numerical magnitude. A total of 36 children (mean age 5 5 years 10 months) were asked to perform physical size comparison (i.e., “Which of two numbers is bigger in physical size?”) and numerical magnitude tasks (i.e., “Which of two numbers is bigger in numerical magnitude?”) on 216 number pairs. These number pairs varied in levels of congruence between numerical magnitude and physical size (for Stroop effect) and numerical distance (for distance effect). On the basis of analyses of response time and error rates, we found that Chinese kindergartners showed automatic processing of numerical magnitude. These results are significantly different from previous studies’ findings about the onset age (ranging from around the end of first grade to third grade) for automatic processing of numerical magnitude.     

Internet use among Chinese college students: implications for sex education and HIV prevention.

The Internet has gained great popularity among Chinese college students, but studies on Internet use behaviors and their relationship with sexual risk perception and behaviors have been limited. A survey was conducted among 1,845 college students in an eastern province of China, in order to assess the pattern of Internet use among Chinese college students, to examine the relationship of Internet use and HIV knowledge and susceptibility, and to explore the relationship of online risk behaviors with sexual status, sexual intention, and sexual perceptions. Data suggest that many students used the Internet frequently and often spent long hours online. Differences between genders and across grades were observed in the patterns of students' Internet use. Male students reported much higher rates of visiting pornographic websites or engaging in other online risk behaviors. Students' HIV knowledge or susceptibility did not differ by the extent of Internet use, but online risks were positively associated with their sexual status, sexual intention, and sexual perceptions. Students who were sexually active, planned to have sex, or possessed permissive attitudes toward pre-marital sex were more likely to report online risk behaviors such as visiting pornographic sites, cyberbullying, or distributing erotic materials via the Internet. The data underscore the importance to provide students with appropriate guidance on their Internet use, especially for reducing online risks and utilizing Internet as a source for sex education and HIV prevention.     

企业中的道德决策

企业道德决策研究主要关注个体如何进行道德决策,以及哪些因素影响企业中的道德决策这两个基本问题。首先介绍企业道德决策的主要理论模型;然后简要总结实证研究的研究方法和基本结论;最后分析以往研究中存在的问题,并展望我国的企业道德决策研究     

达米特的辩护主义真理观

达米特从反实在论出发,通过探讨真概念与语义理论的关系、真与意义的关系,提出了一种弱化的真概念。通过将真理理解为人们对于陈述句的一种辩护的能力,提出了一种辩护主义的真理观。主张把“语力”因素作为语义理论的支柱,把语句的真值条件与这种语言的使用实践紧密联系起来,体现了语言哲学中的语用学转向,也体现出解释学对分析哲学的影响和渗透。达米特的辩护主义真理观尽管存在理论上的缺陷并引起较大争论,但它以一种全新的视角来理解真理,在学术界产生了重要的影响。