Negative expectations and bad relationships: Effects of negative metastereotypes on doctor–patient relationships

This research aimed to examine the effects of negative metastereotypes (i.e., patients believe that doctors have negative opinions about them) and conflict experience on doctor–patient relationships. A 2 × 2 experimental study was conducted on 84 outpatients who were randomly assigned to either a negative metastereotype activation (NMSA) condition or a nonnegative metastereotype activation (non‐NMSA) condition. Each group consisted of patients with and without conflict experience (CE). Intergroup anxiety and doctor–patient relationships were subsequently assessed. Results showed that NMSA and CE increased intergroup anxiety and undermined doctor–patient relationships. In addition, the interaction between NMSA and CE on doctor–patient relationships was significant. When negative metastereotypes were activated, patients with CE showed more unfavorable relationships with doctors as compared with those under non‐NMSA activation condition; no metastereotype effects on doctor–patient relationships were observed among patients without CE. These findings provided insights into an important predictor of doctor–patient relationships as well as its mechanism. Future studies should consider negative metastereotypes and CE to develop interventions for improving doctor–patient relationships.     

Individual differences in motor development during early childhood: An MEG study

In a previous study, we reported the first measurements of pre‐movement and sensorimotor cortex activity in preschool age children (ages 3–5 years) using a customized pediatric magnetoencephalographic system. Movement‐related activity in the sensorimotor cortex differed from that typically observed in adults, suggesting that maturation of cortical motor networks was still incomplete by late preschool age. Here we compare these earlier results to a group of school age children (ages 6–8 years) including seven children from the original study measured again two years later, and a group of adults (mean age 31.1 years) performing the same task. Differences in movement‐related brain activity were observed both longitudinally within children in which repeated measurements were made, and cross‐sectionally between preschool age children, school age children, and adults. Movement‐related mu (8–12 Hz) and beta (15–30 Hz) oscillations demonstrated linear increases in amplitude and mean frequency with age. In contrast, movement‐evoked gamma synchronization demonstrated a step‐like transition from low (30–50 Hz) to high (70–90 Hz) narrow‐band oscillations, and this occurred at different ages in different children. Notably, pre‐movement activity (‘readiness fields’) observed in adults was absent in even the oldest children. These are the first direct observations of brain activity accompanying motor responses throughout early childhood, confirming that maturation of this activity is still incomplete by mid‐childhood. In addition, individual children demonstrated markedly different developmental trajectories in movement‐related brain activity, suggesting that individual differences need to be taken into account when studying motor development across age groups.     

字体、字号和词性对汉字认知加工的影响

实验采用2×7×3的混合实验设计,研究词性、字体和字号对汉字认知加工速度的影响。结果表明,词性对高频汉字的认知加工没有显著影响;在七种字体之中,宋体、正楷和黑体的加工速度较快,而行楷、隶书、魏碑和华文彩云的加工速度较慢,字体的主效应显著;字号的主效应虽然不显著,但24号字体和48号字体的加工速度显著快于36号字体。实验结果倾向于支持汉字识别的平行加工说。     

马克思《资本论》的历史性解读

卢卡奇在反思自己的马克思主义思想发展道路时,谈到了他对马克思哲学本质的这一理解:"任何人若幻想靠对辩证唯物主义的广泛深入的认识来一劳永逸地掌握自然和社会的现象,就必然要从生动的辩证法重新陷入机械的僵化状态,从全面的唯物主义重新陷入唯心主义的片面性.马克思的学说辩证唯物主义,必须每日每时地在实践中重新领会和掌握."     

师范生心理素质的结构及特征

该研究以山东师范大学和鲁东大学7个不同专业的1000名大四学生为被试．运用师范生心理素质问卷进行正式测试,采用Amos4．0统计软件对数据进行验证性因素分析。结果表明,师范生心理素质的合理的结构应是一阶九因素二阶三因素的结构,数据与理论模型拟合较好。结果还表明,男女生在非权势性因素的得分差异显著,文理科学生在责任心和客观性因素的得分差异显著。     

论汉魏六朝时期佛教的地狱思想

佛教地狱思想传入中国后,受到中国文化的影响,到南北朝时期基本完善并趋于复杂化.佛教的地狱思想具有内容丰富、系统复杂、传播迅速、影响巨大等特点,对中国人的宇宙观、世界观、人生观、生死观、道德观以及中国本土宗教、社会风俗等方面都产生了深刻的影响,并有力地推动了佛教在中国的传播.     

青少年田径运动员的自我设阻倾向及其与运动绩效的关系

研究探讨了青少年田径运动员的自我设阻倾向与运动绩效的关系.研究表明:自我设阻影响着运动员的赛前焦虑情绪和运动绩效;情境性自我设阻在特质性自我设阻和运动员赛前焦虑、运动绩效之间发挥着中介作用.研究最后分析了自我设阻作用于青少年田径运动员运动绩效的可能心理机制,并提出了自我设阻在体育运动领域的可能研究方向.     

网络游戏成瘾者认知功能损害的ERP研究

许多研究证明,网络成瘾具有和物质依赖成瘾相同的成瘾症状:不仅有明显的社会功能损害,而且表现出抑郁、强迫、焦虑等精神症状.本研究采用事件相关电位技术,以网络游戏成瘾大学生为被试,探索了网络游戏成瘾者脑认知功能的变化.结果发现:①成瘾者听觉P300的波幅显著低于非成瘾者,说明网络成瘾者可能存在认知功能的损害;②成瘾者听觉N1的波幅显著高于非成瘾者,提示成瘾者可能存在感觉功能的易化,或者受到感觉寻求人格特质的影响.     

论马克思实践哲学的政治意蕴

In order to deepen the studies on the philosophy of practice, it is essential to explore the political significance of Marx's philosophy of practice. Marx's philosophy of practice is rooted in the problem of modernity and the separation between “individual subjectivity” and “societal community” in the modern context is the basic background of Marx's practical philosophy. It is the basic interest of Marx's philosophy of practice to find a way to end this separation via critique of civil society. Therefore, Marx's philosophy of practice has a clear significance, which manifests in the following aspects: one is “liberation politics,” and the other, “the regulatory mode of the socio-political institution.” Translated by Zhang Lin from Zhexue Yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Research), 2007, (1): 3–10     

大学生的社会支持、孤独及自尊对主观幸福感的作用机制研究

对389名大学生施测社会支持量表、自尊量表、社会与感情孤独量表及主观幸福感量表,以探讨孤独和自尊在社会支持与主观幸福感的关系中的作用。结果表明：（1）主观幸福感与社会支持、自尊、孤独呈显著相关。（2）路径分析表明,自尊、孤独分别在社会支持与主观幸福感之间起显著的中介作用。社会支持→自尊→孤独→主观幸福感的显著路径表明,这些变量间存在更为复杂的关系。这些结果对于大学生心理健康教育具有重要的意义。