Does home internet use influence the academic performance of low-income children?

HomeNetToo is a longitudinal field study designed to examine the antecedents and consequences of home Internet use in low-income families (http://www.HomeNetToo.org). The study was done between December 2000 and June 2002. Among the consequences considered was children's academic performance. Participants were 140 children, mostly African American (83%), mostly boys (58%), and most living in single-parent households (75%) in which the median annual income was 15,000 (U.S. dollars) or less. Average age was 13.8 years. Ages ranged between 10 and 18 years, Internet use was continuously recorded, and multiple measures of academic performance were obtained during the 16-month trial. Findings indicated that children who used the Internet more had higher scores on standardized tests of reading achievement and higher grade point averages 6 months, 1 year, and 16 months later than did children who used it less. Older children used the Internet more than did younger children, but age had no effect on the nature or the academic performance benefits of Internet use. Implications for the digital "use" divide are discussed.     

The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: a meta-analytical review

In this study, the authors used meta-analytical techniques to examine the relationship between personality and entrepreneurial status. Personality variables used in previous studies were categorized according to the five-factor model of personality. Results indicate significant differences between entrepreneurs and managers on 4 personality dimensions such that entrepreneurs scored higher on Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience and lower on Neuroticism and Agreeableness. No difference was found for Extraversion. Effect sizes for each personality dimension were small, although the multivariate relationship for the full set of personality variables was moderate (R = .37). Considerable heterogeneity existed for all of the personality variables except Agreeableness, suggesting that future research should explore possible moderators of the personality-entrepreneurial status relationship.     

核心自我评价：人格倾向研究的新取向

国外学者整合了有关工作满意度的人格倾向研究,并在此基础上提出了核心自我评价的概念。核心自我评价包括四种核心特质：自尊、控制点、神经质和一般自我效能。四种特质构成了一个更为基本的结构。核心自我评价及四种核心特质与工作态度和工作行为存在较强的相关,且能够有效预测这些变量。文章最后指出了今后的研究方向,比如对于结构问题的探讨和跨文化研究的深入     

比较基因组学研究与应用中的辩证思维

比较基因组学是人类基因组计划的重要组成部分.它利用人类基因组与模式生物基因组之间编码顺序上和组织结构上的同源性,发现和克隆人类基因,揭示基因功能,从而阐明物种的进化关系及基因组的内在结构.比较基因组学的创立、内容及应用都充分体现着辩证思维的哲学观点.     

刻板印象的激活效应:行为和ERPs证据

以刻板印象表征中的核心内容——刻板特质词作为研究材料,采用分类-确认范式对刻板印象激活效应的时间进程及其认知机制进行了探讨。以性别范畴词"男"/"女"作为启动刺激,以性别刻板特质词作为靶子,特质词与范畴词构成一致和冲突两种情境,记录了34名被试(男女各半)对特质词与范畴词进行一致性判断时的行为反应和ERPs。结果发现:(1)刻板印象冲突情境下,因刻板印象激活效应的作用,被试的反应时要比刻板印象一致情境下更长;不同性别的被试均表现出性别内群体范畴词激活优势效应,即内群体范畴词启动条件下反应时更短。(2)刻板印象激活效应对早期ERP成分(P1、N170、N100、P2)没有影响,在刻板印象冲突情境下诱发了额-中区更显著的N400,该成分标志着刻板印象的激活效应;不同性别的被试均在内群体范畴词启动下诱发了波幅更大的P600。(3)刻板印象的激活效应以及内群体范畴词激活优势效应均发生在知觉后阶段。     

创伤性分离个体注意加工的Stroop效应

研究采用Stroop色词命名任务。实验主要考察创伤性分离个体注意的加工模式。实验中,高分离个体在标准Stroop任务条件,明显受到Stroop效应的干扰,对创伤性词汇反应时间减慢。实验结果表明,创伤性分离个体的集中注意能力遭到破坏,实验符合创伤的回避加工理论,创伤性分离个体运用分离无意识忽略注意伤害性的刺激,如果无法忽略,则会有意识的回避加工。     

关于中小学校欺负现象研究的述评

学校欺负行为会对儿童的身心健康发展产生障碍,已引起有关专家与学者的注意。本文从学校欺负现象的界定、研究对象的特点及该问题出现的原因等方面对中小学校欺负现象的研究概况进行了总结,同时指出了研究中存在的一些不足,并对以后的研究方向作了一些探讨。     

从《病历书写基本规范》的施行谈对患者同意权的再认识

本文通过对《病历书写基本规范》中有关患者同意权内容的研究,重点探讨了患者同意权的应用范围、发展变化以及尚需进一步解答的具体问题。为在实践中充分领会"《规范》"内容,不断深化患者权益保障,促进医院管理水平稳步提高作出了笔者力所能及的贡献。     

职业道德悖论现象审思

服从于职业"需要"的职业道德规范,缺少对道德客体应有的人性关怀,主体的道德选择难免陷入"自相矛盾"的悖论境地。这种悖论现象的存在,模糊了"是"与"非"的应当界限,影响着人们对"善"与"恶"的正确判断。回归职业道德规范于人的"道德"本义,是排解职业道德悖论的应有路径。     

基于宗教、哲学和传统的创造

文明之间的对话总是源于压力和挑战,但机遇也随之而来。机遇在于,能否在对其他文明的学习、理解和观照中重新找到自信。没有这种自信,文明之间的对话将没有意义,也不可能真正发生。自信意味着在新的时空坐标中不断地对自己传统之宗教信仰、哲学理念和生命意识的重新反思、批判和再造。通过对话,重新理解、发现、再造并坚持自己,这是犹太哲学发展史所带来的重要启示。再造自己的传统和文明,不是回归,而是复兴,是基于新的时空可能性创造新的传统。