False Consensus and False Uniqueness in Estimating the Prevalence of Health-Protective Behaviors

The degree to which people perceive that their health-relevant behaviors are also performed by their peers may influence whether they continue these practices or are susceptible to change. The present paper examined estimates of social consensus for health-relevant behaviors. It was hypothesized that respondents would perceive their own behaviors to be relatively more common than do people not performing them, the so-called False Consensus Effect. However, in terms of the accuracy of consensus estimates, people who behave in undesirable ways will tend to overestimate the actual number of others who behave similarly. In contrast, people who behave in desirable ways will underestimate the actual number of people who behave like themselves (false uniqueness). A group of college-aged males were asked to report about their performance of a series of health-relevant behaviors and to estimate the frequency of each behavior among their peers. The findings strongly supported the first two hypotheses and provided some support for the third. One practical implication of the results is that persons with unhealthy practices may resist public health campaigns and other interventions by overestimating consensus for their own behaviors. Also, individuals who think their undesirable health behaviors are relatively common may believe that they involve few health risks for them. The research suggests the need for further research on social cognitions about health, illness, and health-protective behaviors.     

青少年网络游戏成瘾的研究现状与展望

随着电子产品和移动互联网应用的进一步普及,青少年投入网络游戏的时间也相应增加,因网络游戏导致的相关问题也日渐凸显,青少年网络游戏成瘾问题也因此受到越来越多的关注。本文从网络游戏成瘾的定义、诊断、相关环境和个体因素及干预方法等方面综述网络游戏成瘾的研究现状,总结了游戏成瘾研究发展的阶段、特点和当前焦点,提出基于强化学习理论的青少年游戏成瘾模型,并展望了青少年游戏成瘾的研究方向。     

论历史主义科学哲学的发生及其概念运动的动力

库恩哲学概念的特殊性来自于其思想的历史主义倾向。本文通过讨论库恩历史主义科学哲学的发生来揭示理解库恩哲学概念的维度,同时认为历史主义的“困境”是一种内部矛盾,也正是推动库恩哲学概念如“不可通约性”延展其丰富性的动力所在。     

Teacher Efficacy In the Context of Teaching Low Achieving Students

This paper focused on the efficacy of Singapore teachers who teach low achieving adolescent students. Three dimensions of self-reported teacher efficacy—instructional strategies, classroom management, and student engagement—were examined in relation to teacher attributes and the teacher–student relationship. Data were obtained from the Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale Tschannen-Moran and Woolfolk Hoy (Teaching and Teacher Education 17:783–805, 2001) and the Teacher–Student Relationship Scale Ang (The Journal of Experimental Education 74:55–73, 2005). Significant differences between novice teachers and experienced teachers emerged in teacher efficacy beliefs in relation to instructional strategies, classroom management, and student engagement. Conflict in teacher–student relationship was found to predict teacher efficacy for teachers of low achieving students. Implications for teachers’ professional development were discussed.     

《管子·侈靡》篇研究——兼论《管子》的经济思想

《侈靡》是《管子》中一篇重要文章,以难懂著称。本文从《管子》全书出发,探讨《侈靡》真意,并对全篇作一综合性研究。     

Gender differences in adolescent concerns and emotional well-being: perceptions of Singaporean adolescent students

Although much has been written about adolescent adjustment and coping in Western countries, relatively little is known about similar issues in Asia. The authors examined the emotional adjustment of young adolescents in Singapore. They report adolescent concerns and how they influence adaptive functioning and emotional well-being. Data were obtained from three self-report measures: the Adolescent Concerns Measure (R. P Ang, W. H. Chong, V. S. Huan, & L. S. Yeo, in press), selected scales of the Behavioral Assessment System for Children Personality Self-Report (C. R. Reynolds & R. W. Kamphaus, 1998), and the Emotional Distress Scale of the Reynolds Adolescent Adjustment Screening Inventory (W. M. Reynolds, 2001). Emotional well-being emerged as a dominant concern for Singaporean youths with significant gender differences. Girls reported a more positive attitude toward school, better friendship skills, and stronger relationships with parents than did boys. However, girls registered significantly greater worries about self and emotional distress compared to boys. The authors discuss implications for teachers and mental health professionals.     

控制相关理论述评

在控制感与实际控制行为的区分基础上,回顾了与控制相关的理论,分析了各理论的特点和新近的研究;指出各种控制理论都是从不同的侧面研究控制,自成体系,缺乏沟通;控制概念模糊,理论间重叠严重,尚无一个理论能很好的将它们整合;存在的问题直接导致了控制测评的混乱,阻碍了进一步的分析研究;理清控制感与真实控制之间的关系,对进一步改进和标准化控制感评估有重要意义。     

论中古文学创作论对道教卫生学的融摄

中古是文学自觉的时代,而对文学创作论认识方面的自觉则是这个整体的文学观念自觉中的重要组成部分。本文认为,中古士人融摄道教卫生学知识体系于文学理论之中,对于中古文学创作论的自觉有着建构性的意义。正是文学创作论开掘了这一相对于汉代经学的迥异的知识体系,才使他们拥有了崭新、有效的解剖工具,从而使中古的文学创作论获得了长足的进步,并奠定了中国古代文学创作论的基本认识模式。此后,以“神思”为核心范畴的创作论与以“雅正”观为核心范畴的价值论在传统文论中获得了同等理论地位。在融摄道教卫生学剖析文学创作论的实践中,陆机肇其始,刘勰集其大成,同时的预流者还包括王羲之、颜之推等人,说明这两个学科的结合已经成为时代性的共识。     

视觉搜索中风味引发对关联颜色的注意偏向

人们常将特定的颜色与风味联系起来形成色味联结, 而且颜色线索会影响风味感知, 这体现了视觉信息对味觉信息加工的跨通道影响。本研究通过两个行为实验, 考察了味觉信息是否也会影响视觉搜索。实验任务要求被试品尝饮品后对形状靶子进行视觉搜索, 并且操纵了味觉刺激的提示性以及靶子颜色与风味之间的关联性。实验1的结果表明, 当风味线索提示的靶子颜色是与风味关联的颜色时可以加快视觉搜索。但如果与该风味关联的颜色出现在干扰项上, 风味线索则无法促进视觉搜索。其后, 我们在实验2中排除了语义启动的混淆, 也发现了与实验1一致的结果。本研究的结果表明, 风味线索会引发对关联颜色的注意偏向, 证实了味觉刺激对视觉注意的跨通道影响, 为色味交互提供了新的实验证据, 揭示了跨通道影响可能的发生机制。     

双文化经验对整体加工方式的影响*

已有研究表明,与个体主义文化相比,集体主义文化易引发整体加工方式。但是,文化不仅可以按照东西方文化划分为个体主义和集体主义,还可以依据个体的文化经验划分为多元文化和单一文化。那么,与单一文化经验相比,多元文化经验,尤其是最常见的双文化经验是否也有利于整体加工方式呢?在两个实验中,我们将被试分为两组,让其中一组被试暴露在双文化情境下,另外一组被试暴露在单一文化情境下。然后让这两组被试要么寻找两段视频间的相似点或者差异点（实验1）,要么回忆与老年人刻板印象一致或不一致的信息（实验2）。结果发现,与暴露在单一文化情境下相比,暴露在双文化情境下的被试倾向于寻找事物间的相似点（实验1）,并且不易形成刻板印象（实验2）。这表明,双文化经验有利于整体加工方式。