中文阅读及发展性阅读障碍眼动研究新进展

中文阅读眼动特征的评估参数主要包括注视点停留位置、眼跳、回视和注视时间等。基于眼动技术,并结合生理技术,研究者已揭示出正常读者中文阅读的多方面特点和规律。但对发展性阅读障碍的眼动研究,国内还没有开展起来。从上述两个角度出发,这里总结了正常读者中文阅读的眼动研究,并探讨了发展性阅读障碍者的眼动特征及机制。     

韦克斯勒儿童智力量表中国修订版(WISC-CR)上海市区常模(WISC-CRs)制订报告

本研究是在WISC-CR的基础上制订的上海地区(市区)常模,代表我国经济文化较高的大城市水平。常模样组为6至16岁学龄儿童共660人。常模形式是:(1)各年龄组的《与原始分等值的量表分》;(2)《与量表总分等值的IQ分》(本文略)。 本常模经信度、效度检验,表明WISC-CR是适合测量中国学龄儿童的智力量表。 论文还分析了本样组与美国WISC-R样组在分测验上的差异。     

归属需要的研究进展

归属需要的概念经历长时间的演化和发展,并有其进化的心理机制。自Baumeister在1995年提出归属需要作为人类的基本动机后,归属需要与认知,情感和行为的相关研究也得到发展,部分结论得到进一步的证实,但也出现不一致的研究结果。同时也开始了对归属需要与行为后果之间内部过程的探讨。对归属需要的测量主要采用量表法,但未出现一个统一的测量工具,易造成测量的差异,剥夺归属需要的研究常采用实验法,未来的研究可注重提高其生态效度。     

道家、道教思想的历史转折--简评《隋唐道家与道教》

如所周知,隋唐五代是道家和道教史上一个极其辉煌的时期,出现了成玄英、王玄览、司马承祯、吴筠、张志和、杜光庭等道教学术精英,也产生了<玄珠录>、<道教内枢>、<坐忘论>、<玄真子外篇>、<无能子>、<化书>等一大批道教精典.而且以道家、道教思想嬗变为表征的中国思想史、文化史在唐宋时期的巨大转折是一个值得高度重视的思想史、文化史的研究课题.然而遗憾的是长期以来这一"重新塑造了中国的社会和文化"①的重要历史时期都没有引起思想史家、道教学家的足够重视,近年来道家、道教研究领域一批中青年学人开始了对这一时期道家、道教思想及其历史转变的研究.<隋唐道家与道教>一书应该说是其中较有代表性的成果之一.     

心理契约:概念、理论模型以及最新发展研究

文章简要回顾了组织行为学中有关心理契约的系列研究,包括概念的提出,理论模型,分类及测量,探讨了该领域的主要理论体系及分歧、论辩焦点,对在新经济背景下心理契约的新变化．新发展以及相关研究做了阐述,并在最后对该领域理论发展的前景作了展望。     

老年中国人自我记忆效应的研究

本研究用带R／K判断的再认范式考察了60岁和70岁两个年龄段的老年中国人的自我记忆效应,结果发现：老年人的记忆仍表现有自我参照效应,但60岁以上的老年中国被试中没有出现母亲参照加工的优势效应;60岁左右的老年人在自我参照加工、参照母亲加工、参照周恩来加工以及语义加工这四项任务中的再认成绩及R判断值都显著高于70岁的老年人,两组被试在K值上没有显著差异;老年人记忆成绩的下降主要体现在情景记忆中,语义记忆能力相对来说下降速度较慢。     

儿童病因认知发展的研究

对儿童病因认知发展的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。近20年来,西方发展心理学家在该领域的研究逐渐从皮亚杰理论框架下的研究转变为“朴素理论”框架下的研究。在理论上,研究越来越强调领域特殊性;在研究思路上,研究逐渐从“自上而下”的研究转变为“自下而上”的研究;在研究方法上,研究不断降低任务难度,提高了任务的区分度和敏感性。该领域进一步的研究将更为深入和细致的探查儿童的病因认知。     

Is it Suitable for a Journal to Bid for Publishing a Review That is Likely to be Highly Cited?

Science and Engineering Ethics - By following a recently published paper entitled “The effect of publishing a highly cited paper on a journal’s impact factor: a case study of the Review...     

Social determinants of health,prenatal maternal stress,and earlier birth during the COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, pregnant women, especially those from socioeconomically disadvantaged and marginalized groups, experienced unprecedented stress. Prenatal stress and social determinants of health (SDoH) such as lower education and lack of a relationship partner are known to contribute to earlier birth. However, whether SDoH and stress independently contribute or whether the harmful impact of SDoH is mediated by stress is unknown. Moreover, the contributions of these factors has not been investigated in the context of a communal health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. To examine these processes, we used a longitudinal cohort of 2473 women pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic who reported a live birth. We compared structural equation models predicting gestational age at birth from SDoH (race/ethnicity, education, financial security, health insurance, relationship status, and lifetime abuse) and from prenatal maternal stress related and unrelated to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results indicate that the association of SDoH with earlier birth was partially mediated by prenatal stress. These findings help uncover mechanisms explaining health disparities in the U.S. and highlight the need to address both SDoH and the stress that these factors produce in under-resourced and marginalized communities.     

Do individual differences in sociosexuality represent genetic or environmentally contingent strategies? Evidence from the Australian twin registry

Although men are substantially more interested than women in casual sex, there is ample variation in this trait (sociosexuality) within both sexes. One theory hypothesizes that within-sex sociosexual variation results from genetic variation maintained by frequency-dependent selection. If so, sociosexuality should be substantially heritable. A competing theory is that children acquire their mating strategy after observing their parents' relationship. By this theory, sociosexuality should reveal a strong shared environmental component. The authors studied genetic and environmental influences on sociosexuality using a large, representative volunteer twin sample. Parental marital instability was modestly associated with sociosexuality, but this could have been due to either genetic or environmental factors. Consistent with genetic theory, familial resemblance appeared primarily due to additive genetic rather than shared environmental factors.