Self–other differences in change predictions

Individuals live in a changing world in which they predict future events based on past trends. Every event changes between two extremes (e.g., increases and decreases, successes and failures, and peaks and bottoms). People will anticipate changes if they can see the correlation between two extremes. This study investigates whether predictions about changes differ when individuals make predictions about events regarding themselves and others. Based on construal level theory, we hypothesized and found that people who made predictions for others anticipated more changes between two extremes than those who made predictions for themselves. However, self–other differences had boundary conditions. These differences were found in past trends without reversals but not in those with reversals. These results provide novel insights into change predictions.     

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on carbon segregation in Cr8Mo2SiV tool steel during tempering

Carbon segregation in Cr8Mo2SiV tool steel after common heat treatment (CHT) and deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) extraction replica and three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) tests. The XRD results show that most of the retained austenite transformed to martensite after DCT. The TEM results confirm the transformation of blocky retained austenite to twin martensite during DCT. The 3DAP results reveal the segregation of carbon atoms and the maximum carbon fraction in carbon-rich regions increases after DCT. The peak carbon concentration in carbon-rich regions of SDC99 steel after CHT and DCT are 8 at. % and 15 at. %, respectively. The segregated carbon atoms grew into nuclei for nanoscale carbides precipitation on subsequent tempering.     

男性与女性对不同性别和种族面孔识别的差异

研究以大学生为被试,采用延时匹配任务,旨在探讨性别和种族因素对面孔识别的影响,结果发现:(1)男、女被试对女性面孔识别的反应时及正确率均优于男性面孔;(2)被试对不同种族女性面孔识别的优势存在差异,被试对高加索女性面孔的识别表现为更高的正确率,而对中国女性面孔的识别表现为更快的识别速度;(3)面孔种族是导致女性面孔识别优势的重要影响因素。研究表明,面孔识别受到面孔种族、面孔性别和被试性别共同作用的影响。     

儿童对中——西方音乐情绪感知的发展研究

音乐情绪感知是指听众对音乐表达情绪的认知和理解。本研究选取3岁、4岁、5岁和大学生四个年龄阶段的中国被试,探讨了他们分别在中国音乐和西方音乐条件下,对愤怒、悲伤、抒情和高兴四类情绪的感知能力及发展特点。结果显示:(1)儿童音乐情绪感知能力随年龄的上升而提高,其中,4岁是儿童获得基本感知能力的重要时期,5岁时已达到成人水平;(2)儿童对高兴情绪的感知能力优于其他情绪类型;(3)儿童对中国音乐情绪和西方音乐情绪的感知能力并无显著文化差异。     

Anticipated violence, arousal, and enjoyment of movies: viewers' reactions to violent previews based on arousal-seeking tendency

The authors investigated the effects of violent portrayals in movie previews on viewers' arousal and anticipated enjoyment of movies based on their arousal-seeking tendencies. A total of 159 college students watched 6 movie previews, each in a violent or nonviolent version, and reported their expectations of enjoying watching the movies. The results show that high arousal seekers reported a higher level of anticipated enjoyment after watching the violent previews than the nonviolent previews. In contrast, low arousal seekers did not expect much difference in their enjoyment between the two versions. In line with the theory of optimal stimulation level, the results indicate that viewers' anticipated enjoyment of movies after watching violent images in previews is moderated by individuals' arousal-seeking tendencies.     

视障学生动作内隐与外显学习协同效应实验研究

分别从上海市盲童学校和普通中学随机抽取盲、低视力、明眼学生各39人,共117人;通过测试指导语将被试分为动作内隐学习和外显学习组.实验结果表明,<1>当动作内隐学习和动作外显学习分阶段先后进行时,动作内隐学习和动作外显学习存在微弱的协同效应,当二者同时进行时,外显学习和内隐学习发生干扰;<2>在动作内隐学习和外显学习相互转换的过渡时期,其学习效率降低,尤其是动作内隐学习转换成动作外显学习.     

中国大学生羞耻和内疚之现象学差异

采用对２６条项目进行定量评定的方法,考察了３０５名中国大学生的羞耻和内疚在现象学表现上所存在的差异。实验结果表明：（１）在中国大学生中,羞耻和内疚在现象学上的差异与西方人基本相似;（２）与西方研究的不同点在于该研究中未发现羞耻和内疚在对个人能力的负性评价上的差异;（３）羞耻和内疚都有可能在有他人在场和无他人在场时被体验到。     

评《以科学的态度对待科学是学者的天职》

印度洋海啸造成的灾难既动摇了一些人的宗教信仰,也唤醒了另一些人潜在的宗教意识。中国几家媒体趁势而上,海外的电子刊物《新语丝》遥相对应,开展了一场关于人类是否应该“敬畏自然”的大论战。一家出版社以《敬畏自然》为名,将文章结集出版。社长宫敬才教授(他也以一篇《生态危机与人道主义的关系》参加了该论战)亲自命笔为之撰写了题为《以科学的态度对待科学是学者的天职》的序言(见《博览群书》2005年第5期,以下简称《序言》)。笔者拜读之后,如骨鲠在喉,不得不吐,于是不揣冒昧,写了如下评论文字,愿求教于方家。《以科学的态度对待科学…     

情绪测量方法的新进展

当代情绪理论认为情绪反应包括生理唤醒、行为反应、面部行为或姿势、以及主观体验等成分。随着时代进步和科技发展,对其的测量也日趋细化,主要包括自我报告法、自主神经系统测量、惊跳反应测量、脑测量及行为测量等方法。大量情绪研究的证据表明,情绪反应的测量多是通过情绪维度（如效价、唤醒度）和基本情绪状态（如,悲伤、恐惧、愤怒）两种方式组织起来的,不同的情绪测量方法对不同的组织方式敏感。未来的情绪测量的标准是多元的,其测量方法的确立是以特定的情绪问题为基础的。     

三维图形的客体和空间工作记忆存储时程研究

研究采用单探测变化检测范式,探讨了三维图形在视觉客体和空间工作记忆中的存储时程。实验一的三维图形由不同颜色、形状组成,实验二的图形由不同颜色、图案组成。两个实验的结果均发现:被试的正确率随刺激间隔时间的延长而显著下降; 空间工作记忆任务的正确率显著高于客体工作记忆任务。研究结果表明,视觉刺激消失后,不论是客体信息还是空间信息,均随间隔时间的延长而逐渐衰退,且客体信息衰退的速度比空间信息快。总体来看,三维图形的客体和空间信息在视觉工作记忆满负荷条件下能保持大约3～5秒的时间。