生存论向度的技术伦理前提及其建构

技术伦理涉及价值观基础、道德规范、技术主体的责任等诸多问题.无论是传统的元伦理学、情感主义伦理学、规范伦理学还是所谓的实用伦理学,都只是从某一个维度上或在某一个层面上来阐述伦理问题,从而在一定程度上表现为对于人的生存价值的背离和对发展合理性的伦理诉求的缺失,这样就使技术伦理研究本身在某种程度上失去了应有的合理性.在合理性上,技术伦理研究不能脱离开对技术本质属性的认识和基本的理论前提.从生存论的向度审视,生存价值才是伦理的内在价值基础,而发展的合理性才是技术伦理建构的基本逻辑支点.只有在此基础上,技术伦理才能实现合理的建构.     

交通伦理学:研究现状与前景展望

目前关于交通伦理的研究尚处于关注具体问题的各论性初级研究阶段,其研究的基本思路是:以"人本原则"引申出的"安全"、"便捷"、"公正"、"舒适"、"生态"原则为价值向度,对交通主体之间、客体之间、交通主客体之间多方面的伦理关系及其矛盾冲突进行理性的审视、质疑、评判,论证,寻求伦理权衡机制与解困的共识,从而为交通从冲突走向和谐提供伦理导向与支持.     

论中国传统家庭伦理的主导精神

家族利益至上的整体主义是传统家庭伦理的主导精神和基本价值取向.从一定意义上来说,传统家庭及其道德生活的贵和、重礼特征,均是由家族利益至上的整体主义派生或引申而来的,它们在中国人以往的家庭道德生活中共同发挥着重要作用.     

伪科学基本问题辨析

一、伪科学的定义1.侧重欺骗性的定义《现代汉语词典》对"伪科学"条目的解释是:"指违背客观规律,冒充科学理论用以骗人的错误的知识体系。"①张培林说:"什么是伪科学?伪科学是指用伪证装扮成科学的各种反科学的东西。     

Metaplastic effect of apamin on LTP and paired-pulse facilitation

In area CA1 of hippocampal slices, a single 1-sec train of 100-Hz stimulation generally triggers a short-lasting long-term potentiation (S-LTP) of 1–2 h. Here, we found that when such a train was applied 45 min after application of the small conductance Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ (SK) channel blocker apamin, it induced a long-lasting LTP (L-LTP) of several hours, instead of an S-LTP. Apamin-induced SK channel blockage is known to resist washing. Nevertheless, the aforementioned effect is not a mere delayed effect; it is metaplastic. Indeed, when a single train was delivered to the Schaffer’s collaterals during apamin application, it induced an S-LTP, like in the control situation. At the moment of this LTP induction (15th min of apamin application), the SK channel blockage was nevertheless complete. Indeed, at that time, under the influence of apamin, the amplitude of the series of field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) triggered by a stimulation train was increased. We found that the metaplastic effect of apamin on LTP was crucially dependent on the NO-synthase pathway, whereas the efficacy of the NMDA receptors was not modified at the time of its occurrence. We also found that apamin produced an increase in paired-pulse facilitation not during, but after, the application of the drug. Finally, we found that the induction of each of these two metaplastic phenomena was mediated by NMDA receptors. A speculative unitary hypothesis to explain these phenomena is proposed.     

Enriched environment treatment restores impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits induced by prenatal chronic stress

Prenatal stress can cause long-term effects on cognitive functions in offspring. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity, believed to be the mechanism underlying certain types of learning and memory, and known to be sensitive to behavioral stress, can be changed by prenatal stress. Whether enriched environment treatment (EE) in early postnatal periods can cause a recovery from these deficits is unknown. Experimental animals were Wistar rats. Prenatal stress was evoked by 10 foot shocks (0.8 mA for 1s, 2-3 min apart) in 30 min per day at gestational day 13-19. After weaning at postnatal day 22, experimental offspring were given the enriched environment treatment through all experiments until tested (older than 52 days age). Electrophysiological and Morris water maze testing was performed at 8 weeks of age. The results showed that prenatal stress impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) but facilitated long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampal CA1 region in the slices. Furthermore, prenatal stress exacerbated the effects of acute stress on hippocampal LTP and LTD, and also impaired spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze. However, all these deficits induced by prenatal stress were recovered by enriched environment treatment. This work observes a phenomenon that may contribute to the understanding of clinically important interactions among cognitive deficit, prenatal stress and enriched environment treatment. Enriched environment treatment on early postnatal periods may be one potentially important target for therapeutic interventions in preventing the prenatal stress-induced cognitive disorders.     

Associated factors of post-stroke depression among Hong Kong Chinese: a longitudinal study

The aim of this study was to explore associated factors of post-stroke depression (PSD) among Chinese first-time stroke patients. A 6-month prospective design was adopted with data collected by face-to-face interviews and physical assessment at two observation time points: T1, within 48 h of admission to the rehabilitation hospitals and T2, 6 months after the first interview in the subject's current place of residence. The prevalence of PSD at T1 and T2 was found to be 69% and 48% respectively. Backward linear regression showed that five variables explained 55% of the variance of PSD at T2. Participants who had a higher level of depression at T2 tended to have a higher level of functional disability, less social companionship and poorer informational support. Those who had been homemaker at pre-morbid state and those who exhibited a higher level of depressive symptoms at T1 showed a higher level of depression at T2. The results of this study suggest that PSD could be a psychological condition arising from the disabling consequences and altered family roles caused by a stroke.     

哀伤研究：新的视角与理论整合

哀伤（bereavement）研究长期以来都依循“悲伤过程假设（griefworkhypothesis）”,但20世纪80年代后其强调“与逝者分离”的基本假设受到挑战,界定的模糊也使得实证研究工作难以进行。当代研究者从依恋理论、创伤研究、认知应对研究、情感的社会功能等视角多方面对哀伤领域进行深入探索并出现了一些整合性的理论模型,文中对有代表性的“依恋与哀伤双程模型”作了介绍,并对“悲伤过程假设”进行了重新检视     

SSCI中自我表露研究的计量分析

采用文献计量学方法,利用SSCI对1975~2005年有关自我表露的文献进行统计分析,以揭示30年来自我表露研究主要涉及的学科领域、源期刊、研究者及其特点,特别将我国香港、台湾、大陆研究者的38篇本土研究进行了整理分析。从分析中可以看到我国本土研究虽然数量少,但研究热点、对象、方法等与国外研究基本一致,与此同时一些研究还关注到中国文化对表露的影响。从研究脉络来看,我国本土研究理论性有待加强     

注意捕获的另一扇窗户——无意视盲

观察者集中注意于某个物体或事件的时候,他们经常不能觉察到显著的、与众不同的物体,这种现象被称为“无意视盲”（Inattentional Blindness）。在无意视盲研究中,存在两类实验范式——静态无意视盲和动态无意视盲研究范式。首先,从刺激的感觉显著性、认知显著性、心理工作负荷、定势和期望以及加工能力等方面分析了影响无意视盲的因素;其次,对无意视盲和无意遗忘的争议以及无意视盲是“全或无”还是连续谱的争议也进行了总结;最后,从无意视盲角度出发探讨了内隐注意捕获和外显注意捕获之间的关系