王时槐思想中恶的问题

王时槐是江右王学的代表性人物之一,他将善恶视为念能否顺本性而动,对合法性与道德性有清楚的辨析,并注重过恶之辨,意念无明显的邪妄可以视为无恶,但不代表无过。他主张善有本体,而恶无根即无形上的本体,但恶仍有其根源,这就是人的"自离其性"或"甘自弃之"的主观条件,这与康德的根本恶学说可以接榫。王时槐强调改过迁善的根本动力或力量源于自身,他主张人要立志、修治与敦礼,旨在实现心灵转变与在感官方式上的逐渐改良,达到念念归根的状态,从而纠正准则中颠倒的道德动机的顺序,他对静坐的强调则是通过收敛与暂息尘缘,以默识自心,从而达到动静皆能复归本性。     

马克思资本主义批判双重维度的统一

在马克思一生对资本主义的批判中,存在前后相继的两种维度,即青年马克思以道德批判为主导,而成熟时期的马克思对资本主义的批判逐渐转向以科学批判为主导。如何看待马克思批判资本主义两种维度之间的关系,这是关系到我们能否准确理解和把握马克思主义的重要问题,学界围绕此论题存在着争论。事实上,尽管马克思的理论从道德批判转向科学批判是不争的事实,但即使以科学批判为标志的成熟时期的马克思亦并未抛弃道德批判的维度,这两种批判维度统一于马克思主义的整体之中,单纯强调一种批判维度而贬低甚至否定另一种,都是片面的。     

近五年中国宗教心理学的学科建设和研究进展概况

本文以在中国境内举办的宗教心理学学术会议和中国知网为平台,将2014-2018五年间的会议论文、期刊论文、学位论文和出版图书作为文献整体,采用文献计量法统计分析其宗教类别、研究方法、文章体裁、作者特征等方面的数据信息,以期通过量化分析,为构建宗教心理学的中国学术话语体系以及为中国宗教心理学的学科制度建设和未来发展提供决策参考依据。     

邪教团体检测项目:量表编制与信效度研究

本研究从提高社会公众认知度出发,通过对中外相关文献研究,结合帮教专职干部、宗教学专家、心理学者、大学生访谈结果,编制了"邪教团体检测项目",通过3次条目筛查后制定了62项初始项目;又通过214名大学生探索性因素分析,形成了由5个维度、32个条目组成的正式项目;再通过497名大学生的测查,考察各项测量学指标,结果显示量表区分度、信度、效度指标均较高,结论是"邪教团体检测项目"具有较高的可靠性和有效性,可作为邪教团体检测的评估工具。     

不同注意对视觉工作记忆外部特征绑定的影响

采用变化觉察范式,在工作记忆保持阶段插入客体特征辨别或视觉搜索次任务,探讨基于客体的注意和基于空间的注意对视觉工作记忆外部特征绑定表征的影响。结果发现,与单特征相比,两类次任务均对外部特征绑定的记忆成绩损耗更大。这表明视觉工作记忆中外部特征绑定的表征比单特征消耗更多基于客体的注意和更多基于空间的注意。     

The mediation effect of student self-efficacy between teaching approaches and science achievement: findings from 2011 TIMSS US data

Over the past two decades, researchers consistently demonstrated the importance of science teaching approaches and student self-efficacy in influencing their science achievement. These findings have become the foundation of science education reform. However, empirical supports of these relationships are limited to direct relationships and small-scale studies. Therefore, little is known about the mechanism of how teaching approaches and student self-efficacy affect student achievement. In order to fill these gaps, this study used a multilevel structural equation modeling approach to analyze the direct and indirect relationships between teaching approaches, student self-efficacy, and science achievement by using the data of US eighth grade students in the 2011 TIMSS assessment. The results indicated that none of the teaching approaches identified in this study were directly associated with student science achievement, but significant mediation effect was found between generic teaching and student science achievement through student self-efficacy. Implications of these results for US educational system and reform were discussed.

     

个体依恋特征的二重性：特质性依恋与状态性依恋

传统依恋理论认为个体依恋心理和行为模式具有相对稳定性, 但无论在信息加工还是个体发展过程中, 个体依恋模式均表现出二重性, 即既具有相对稳定性, 又具有情境敏感性。个体在情境中所表现出的依恋模式是个体相对稳定的特质性依恋和情境特征相互作用的结果。依恋启动研究中特质性依恋特征与依恋启动效应之间的交互作用模式为理解依恋二重特征及其关系提供了窗口。依恋系统激活的两阶段模型为整合和解释这些相互作用模式提供了框架。未来研究应优化依恋二重特征关系研究中启动效应的操作检验, 考虑依恋焦虑和回避维度的交互作用, 关注高焦虑群体内的依恋差异, 以理析依恋二重特征之间的相互作用方式, 同时关注依恋策略影响依恋启动效应的时间进程, 探究依恋二重特征相互作用的机制。     

线索冲突情境下幼儿对不同领域知识的选择性信任特点

探讨幼儿在准确性线索和共识线索冲突情境下对自然与社会领域知识的选择性信任特点。实验1探究幼儿在线索冲突情境下对自然领域知识的选择性信任,选取88名4~6岁幼儿,采用对物品命名的方法,结果发现4岁幼儿依据共识线索进行信任判断,而5~6岁幼儿依据准确性线索进行信任判断;实验2探究幼儿在线索冲突情境下对社会领域知识的选择性信任,选取94名4-6岁幼儿,采用对人格特质命名的方法,结果发现4岁幼儿依据共识线索进行信任判断,5岁幼儿对两类线索没有做出偏向性选择,6岁幼儿依据准确性线索进行信任判断。实验3采用被试内设计,探讨5岁幼儿对两个领域知识的选择性信任,验证了实验1和实验2的相关结果。结论:在线索冲突情境下幼儿对不同领域知识的选择性信任具有不同的年龄发展特点。     

情绪的相容性对创造性思维的影响

为探讨具身内隐情绪和外显情绪之间的相容性和不相容性对创造性思维的影响,实验采用情绪视频启动范式诱发被试的积极情绪或消极情绪,同时采用面部表情操纵技术诱导其具身积极情绪或具身消极情绪,然后要求被试完成创造性思维测验中的替代使用任务（AUT）与顿悟字谜测验。结果发现：在积极情绪下,情绪相容组的AUT流畅性得分显著高于情绪不相容组;而在消极情绪下,情绪相容组的AUT原创性得分与顿悟字谜得分显著高于情绪不相容组;灵活性在两种情绪条件下的差异均不显著。结果表明,面部表情和外显情绪的相容性有利于创造性思维的表现,积极情绪和消极情绪下的情绪相容性分别影响着创造性思维的不同成分。     

Flexible parafoveal encoding of character order supports word predictability effects in Chinese reading: Evidence from eye movements

Several eye-movement studies have revealed flexibility in the parafoveal processing of character-order information in Chinese reading. In particular, studies show that processing a two-character word in a sentence benefits more from parafoveal preview of a nonword created by transposing rather than replacing its two characters. One issue that has not been investigated is whether the contextual predictability of the target word influences this processing of character order information. However, such a finding would provide novel evidence for an early influence of context on lexical processing in Chinese reading. Accordingly, we investigated this issue in an eye-movement experiment using the boundary paradigm and sentences containing two-character target words with high or low contextual predictability. Prior to the reader’s gaze crossing an invisible boundary, each target word was shown normally (i.e. a valid preview) or with its two characters either transposed or replaced by unrelated characters to create invalid nonword previews. These invalid previews reverted to the target word once the reader’s gaze crossed the invisible boundary. The results showed larger preview benefits (i.e. a decrease in fixation times) for target words following transposed-character than substituted-character previews, revealing a transposed-character effect similar to that in previous research. In addition, a word predictability effect (shorter fixation times for words with high than low predictability) was observed following both valid and transposed-character previews, but not substituted-character previews. The findings therefore reveal that context can influence an early stage of lexical processing in Chinese reading during which character order is processed flexibly.