《商君书》各篇的作者、创作时间及其成书考

《商君书》的成书情况十分复杂,它不是一时一人之作,应该是历时性的产物。具体而言,《商君书》中的《墾令》《境内》《农战》《战法》《立本》《兵守》《开塞》《君臣》《立法》这九篇都可能是商鞅所作。《更法》《去强》《说民》《弱民》《赏刑》《徕民》《慎法》《外内》这八篇大约成书在商鞅死后到秦昭王之间,其中《更法》篇当为战国时的史官所作,余为商鞅后学或当时崇尚商鞅学说的法家者流所作。《算地》《错法》《壹言》《靳令》《修权》《画策》《禁使》《定分》这八篇应该是战国末期至秦始皇统一天下前的作品,其中《定分》篇可能是《商君书》中最晚的作品。而把它们结集成书,则极有可能是在秦始皇统一六国后开始推行"书同文,车同轨"时官方主导下所为。     

语义性别刻板印象对注意返回抑制的影响——来自行为和ERP的证据

采用ERP技术,以线索提示任务检验了性别刻板印象在返回抑制下的激活过程.实验以性别特征词为线索刺激,性别范畴词为目标刺激,要求被试忽略线索与目标语义仅对目标空间位置做出判断.反应时和ERP显示,线索化条件下刻板语义激活对位置判断产生显著影响,体现为女性刻板语义冲突增强了返回抑制.但非线索化条件下未观察到任何效应.实验结果表明,特定任务下性别刻板印象能够诱发注意偏向,但此过程易受注意线索影响,显示其有条件性.     

Parental emotion regulation and preschoolers’ prosocial behavior: The mediating roles of parental warmth and inductive discipline

The potential mediating roles of parental warmth and inductive discipline on the relations of parental emotion regulation strategies to children’s prosocial behavior were examined in this study. Sixty-four parents of preschoolers (50% girls) completed questionnaires assessing their own regulation practices (i.e., cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression), parenting behaviors (i.e., parental warmth/nurturance, inductive discipline), and children’s prosocial behavior (voluntary behavior intended to benefit another). The authors hypothesized that cognitive reappraisal would be positively and expressive suppression would be negatively related to parenting behaviors and children’s prosocial behavior. They further hypothesized that parental warmth and inductive discipline would mediate the relations between parents’ own regulation strategies and children’s prosocial behavior. Results demonstrated that parental cognitive reappraisal was positively associated with warmth, and expressive suppression was negatively associated with inductive discipline and children’s prosocial behavior. Parental warmth, but not inductive discipline, mediated the relations between cognitive reappraisal and children’s prosocial behavior. The results highlight adults’ own regulatory strategies as predictors of socialization behaviors and the potential processes for socialization of children’s moral emotions and positive social development.     

The effect of electropulsing on dislocation structures in [233] coplanar double-slip-oriented fatigued copper single crystals

The effect of high-current-density electropulsing on dislocation structures in a coplanar double-slip-oriented copper single crystal that had previously been fatigued is reported. The results show that, after electropulsing, vein structures are transformed to cell structures with some dark regions. It is proposed that the thermal compressive stress caused by electropulsing activates a coplanar slip system and leads to strong dislocation interactions between primary and coplanar slip systems, thereby forming cell structures. Partial recrystallization may occur by electropulsing, leading to the appearance of some dark regions.     

Kinetics of formation of interfaces between immiscible polymers

The kinetics of the formation of the interfacial width between immiscible polymer pairs are studied using neutron reflectivity. Bilayers of deuterated polystyrene (d-PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) of high molecular weight are used. The time dependence of the formation of the interface in both cases where the thickness of the top d-PS layer is thin (less than 200 Å) and thick (greater than 1000 Å) is investigated. Following an initial rapid increase, a logarithmic dependence of the interfacial width on time is observed. We interpret this result as arising from the slow equilibration of long-wavelength capillary-wave fluctuations; comparison of our results with theory yields a value of the interfacial tension in good agreement with the self-consistent field theory prediction.     

J波、fQRS、Tp-ec对ST段抬高性心肌梗死溶栓治疗后恶性心律失常的预测价值

探讨ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI)患者成功溶栓治疗后J波、校正Tp-e间期(Tp-ec)、碎裂QRS波(fQRS)对恶性心律失常事件(MAE)的预测价值及其相关性.选择STEMI患者108例,成功溶栓治疗后随机分为MAE组(29例)和非MAE(NMAE)组(79例),72例正常人的心电图作为对照组.结果示MAE组J波阳性、fQRS阳性、Tp-ec≥100ms显著高于NMAE组(P＜0.05);STEMI患者Tp-ec较对照组显著延长(P＜0.05),经溶栓治疗后,Tp-ec1周和1个月时逐渐恢复,但Tp-ec仍较对照组显著延长(P＜0.05);J波阳性(OR=3.612)、fQRS阳性(OR=2.905)、Tp-ec≥100ms(OR=3.226)(均P＜0.05)与MAE的发生独立相关.以此认为J波、Tp-ec、fQRS和MAE正相关,对溶栓后MAE有预测作用.     

义势两辨荣辱相分——荀子荣辱观及其当代启示

荀子是中国古代第一个系统论述荣辱观的思想家,他在<正论>篇里提出了著名的"义荣"、"势荣"、"义辱"、"势辱"概念.先秦儒家三大代表人物孔子、孟子、荀子在荣辱观问题上的观点是一致的.荣辱观主要通过荣誉感的激励功能与羞耻感的约束功能发挥其道德评价与选择功能.荀子以先义后利为荣,追求内在的义荣的思想为我们当前树立正确的荣辱观提供了有益的启示.     

"是-应该"问题及其解答

休谟提出如何从“是”推出“应该”,亦即如何从事实判断推出价值判断的问题。本文以该问题为线索,评述和澄清休谟道德哲学的主要观点,并对与此问题密切相关的“囚徒困境”作了探讨。在此基础上,提出一种新的解答,即：“是一应该”问题是不能彻底解决的,在这个意义上,休谟的“是一应该”论题是正确的。但是,在另一种意义上,“是一应该”问题是可以解决的,即对于那些已经把长远利益作为追求目标的人而言是如此。因为对他们来说,追求长远利益已经是一个事实,因而必须考虑与他人或社会的合作,这使他们原有的同情心得到加强,从而产生名誉感和自尊心,进而达到正义和仁慈的德行。这样便从追求长远利益的“是”得出正义和仁慈的“应该”。     

Automatic recognition of eye blinking in spontaneously occurring behavior

Previous researchin automatic facial expression recognition has been limited to recognition of gross expression categories (e.g., joy or anger) in posed facial behavior under well-controlled conditions (e.g., frontal pose and minimal out-of-plane head motion). We have developed a system that detects a discrete and important facial action (e.g., eye blinking) in spontaneously occurring facial behavior that has been measured with a nonfrontal pose, moderate out-of-plane head motion, and occlusion. The system recovers three-dimensional motion parameters, stabilizes facial regions, extracts motion and appearance information, and recognizes discrete facial actions in spontaneous facial behavior. We tested the system in video data from a two-person interview. The 10 subjects were ethnically diverse, action units occurred during speech, and out-of-plane motion and occlusion from head motion and glasses were common. The video data were originally collected to answer substantive questions in psychology and represent a substantial challenge to automated action unit recognition. In analysis of blinks, the system achieved 98% accuracy.     

Defensive pessimism and precautionary action during the COVID pandemic

The purpose of this research was to test, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the hypothesis that individuals who use defensive pessimism as a strategy to manage anxiety are likely to act to prevent or mitigate negative outcomes. Across three crowd-sourced samples (Total N = 1416), defensive pessimism was correlated with self-reports of more precautionary behavior (Studies 1, 2, & 3) and fewer COVID-positive results (Study 3).