Biases in orienting and maintenance of attention among weight dissatisfied women: an eye-movement study

Despite evidence indicating fatness and thinness information are processed differently among weight-preoccupied and eating disordered individuals, the exact nature of these attentional biases is not clear. In this research, eye movement (EM) tracking assessed biases in specific component processes of visual attention (i.e., orientation, detection, maintenance and disengagement of gaze) in relation to body-related stimuli among 20 weight dissatisfied (WD) and 20 weight satisfied young women. Eye movements were recorded while participants completed a dot-probe task that featured fatness-neutral and thinness-neutral word pairs. Compared to controls, WD women were more likely to direct their initial gaze toward fatness words, had a shorter mean latency of first fixation on both fatness and thinness words, had longer first fixation on fatness words but shorter first fixation on thinness words, and shorter total gaze duration on thinness words. Reaction time data showed a maintenance bias towards fatness words among the WD women. In sum, results indicated WD women show initial orienting, speeded detection and initial maintenance biases towards fat body words in addition to a speeded detection – avoidance pattern of biases in relation to thin body words. In sum, results highlight the importance of the utility of EM-tracking as a means of identifying subtle attentional biases among weight dissatisfied women drawn from a non-clinical setting and the need to assess attentional biases as a dynamic process.     

社会支持、创伤后应激障碍与创伤后成长之间的关系:来自雅安地震后小学生的追踪研究

本文采用追踪研究的设计,在雅安地震后的6、12和18个月三个时间点,采用社会支持问卷、儿童创伤后应激障碍症状量表、DSM-5的PTSD核查表和创伤后成长问卷对303名小学生进行调查。通过建立交叉滞后模型,考察社会支持、创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)与创伤后成长(PTG)三者之间的关系,结果发现在震后6至18个月之间,PTG对PTSD没有显著的预测作用,震后6个月的PTSD对震后12个月的PTG具有显著的跨时间点的正向预测作用,但是该作用在震后12至18个月之间不再显著;震后6至12个月之间,社会支持对PTSD发挥单向的缓解作用,但与PTG之间不存在显著的预测作用;在12至18个月之间,PTSD可以单向地降低社会支持,且社会支持与PTG之间也存在显著的正向相互预测作用。     

Effects of intergroup exclusion on individual needs threat and behavior tendencies

This study explores the effects of intergroup exclusion on need‐threat and the behavioral tendencies of excluded individuals. Results show that those excluded by in‐group members perceived more threat to relational needs, while participants excluded by out‐group members perceived more threat to efficacy needs. In addition, participants excluded by out‐group members displayed significantly more aggression intention and less helping intention than those who were excluded by in‐group members. This study indicates that the group relationship between excluders and the excluded will directly affect threat perception and behavioral responses.     

威胁信息的记忆优势

采用威胁信息（蛇类）和非威胁信息（龟类）为实验材料,以词汇和图片两种方式呈现,来探讨是否存在对威胁信息的记忆优势,然后添加威胁和非威胁场景以探究不同的场景启动对威胁信息记忆的影响。结果发现：（1）对威胁信息存在记忆优势,对图片信息的记忆优于词汇信息;（2）在威胁场景下,对威胁词汇和图片信息存在记忆优势,在非威胁场景下,对威胁图片信息存在记忆优势,而对威胁和非威胁词汇的记忆无差异。     

男性对女性面孔吸引力的认知偏好: 来自ERP的证据

运用事件相关电位(ERPs)技术, 采用学习-再认实验任务, 探讨了男性对有、无吸引力女性面孔图片进行判断和再认时脑内时程的动态变化。行为数据结果表明, 男性对有吸引力女性面孔的反应时更长, 再认正确率更高。ERP结果发现, 有、无吸引力面孔诱发的ERP早成分和晚成分都存在显著差异, 最强效应出现在大脑皮层的中前部。在判断任务和再认任务中, 有吸引力的女性面孔都比无吸引力的女性面孔诱发出更大的ERP成分(分别为N300、P350~550ms和P160、N300~500ms、P500~700ms)。结果表明, 男性对有吸引力的女性面孔的判断和再认存在偏好。     

儿童家庭读写活动、早期读写水平与小学一年级语文课成绩的关系

从读写萌发的观点出发,探讨6至7岁儿童的家庭读写活动、早期读写水平与其在校语文成绩的关系。研究结果显示:在控制儿童的非言语智力和父母的教育水平等变量后,(1)只有儿童的非正式家庭读写活动能够显著预测其口头词汇;(2)只有儿童的正式家庭读写活动能够显著预测其识字量;(3)只有儿童入学时的识字量能够显著预测他们一年级时的语文成绩和平时语文课表现;(4)儿童的口头词汇和家庭读写活动均无法预测其在校的语文课成绩。     

关于外阴阴道念珠菌病的预防措施

外阴阴道念珠菌病是一种由念珠菌感染所引起的外阴阴道炎症.该病患者外阴瘙痒,出现豆腐渣样阴道分泌物,严重损害女性的身心健康.本文从致病病因、高危因素、预防措施等方面进行了阐述,对正确认识外阴阴道念珠菌病的特点,施行个体化治疗有积极意义.     

外科手术患者的血糖管理

随着糖尿病患患者数的迅速增加,需要接受外科手术治疗的糖尿病患者也越来越多。糖尿病患者的血糖控制与外科手术相互影响,一方面,手术应激可进一步加重糖尿病患者的糖代谢紊乱;另一方面,合并糖尿病使患者发生围手术期并发症甚至死亡的风险大大增加。因此,对糖尿病患者进行完整的术前评估,良好的术前、术中、术后血糖管理是糖尿病患者手术顺利进行、平稳渡过围手术期、改善预后的重要保证。     

关于外阴阴道念珠菌病的预防措施

外阴阴道念珠菌病是一种由念珠菌感染所引起的外阴阴道炎症。该病患者外阴瘙痒,出现豆腐渣样阴道分泌物,严重损害女性的身心健康。本文从致病病因、高危因素、预防措施等方面进行了阐述,对正确认识外阴阴道念珠菌病的特点,施行个体化治疗有积极意义。     

新颖词汇学习中大脑激活模式的fMRI研究

该研究利用功能磁共振脑成像(fMRI)技术,比较在新颖语言学习和母语学习过程中大脑皮层参与的异同。实验设置德语学习和汉语学习两个条件,采用跨通道联结学习范式,要求被试在听到听觉词汇后,按键判断屏幕上所呈现的图片是否与所听词汇匹配。行为数据显示,被试在六段实验后基本掌握了德语语音和语义之间的联结关系;脑成像数据显示,两种学习任务都激活了语言加工的主要脑区,而德语词汇学习过程相比汉语参照条件对应的颞叶激活强度与范围有较大的差异,并且比汉语条件表现出更显著的前额叶区域激活。