军事飞行员工作绩效结构的分析

通过对30名高等级军事飞行员的访谈和相关资料的研究初步确定了11个条目的任务绩效和关系绩效考核提纲;由109名上级使用这个提纲对507名现役军事飞行员进行了绩效评估,另外飞行员间进行互评;使用验证性因素分析的方法对提纲进行了优化,并进行了信度和效度考察。结果表明,军事飞行员的工作绩效应由任务绩效和关系绩效两部分来描述,其中任务绩效包含四个因素,分别为：飞行绩效、空中特情下的表现及事故征候的发生率、业务理论水平和体能状况;关系绩效包含6个因素,分别为：遵章守纪表现、工作主动性、责任心、安心服役、钻研精神和协作精神。     

吗啡行为及条件性行为敏感化效应及其个体差异

目的：考察吗啡处理下,大鼠行为敏感化及条件性行为敏感化效应及其个体差异性表现。方法：根据大鼠在初次抵达的新颖环境中水平活动量的高低,将大鼠划分为高反应大鼠（High responder, HR）和低反应大鼠（Low responder, LR）,应用自动监测大鼠活动箱,分别考察HR和LR大鼠在行为及条件性行为敏感化效应表达上的差异。结果：（1）连续5天吗啡给药,LR大鼠活动量显著升高,HR大鼠无此效应;（2）条件测试日（第6天）,给药与环境匹配大鼠,活动量较给药与环境非匹配组动物和对照组动物显著为高;此效应在HR和LR大鼠同时存在;（3）从给予吗啡到给予盐水,发现LR大鼠活动量显著下降,而HR大鼠活动量无显著改变。结论：在连续给药下,LR大鼠较HR大鼠,在行为敏感化效应的形成中,具有更为显著的效应,此效应为LR动物对吗啡更高的药物效应,而非条件效应所致,同时HR和LR大鼠都可以对吗啡条件性线索产生应答,产生条件性行为敏感化效应。     

鸟类神经系统的长时程增强

揭示学习与记忆的神经机制已成为认知科学领域的一个重要研究方向。研究过程中需根据不同实验目的选用不同实验动物。LTP（long-term potentiation）是一种研究学习记忆突触基础的主要模型,其代表突触功能的可塑性。以往对LTP的研究主要集中于哺乳动物,但由于鸟类在生物进化上具有独特的地位及特有的学习记忆能力,因此通过某些鸟类行为模型将有利于对LTP特性及其与学习记忆相关性进行更深入的探索。     

自伤青少年的冲动性

以自我报告、行为学和脑电为指标, 检验自伤青少年的冲动性。研究1, 对820名普通中学生和72名工读生进行问卷调查, 探讨自伤行为与情绪调节困难、冲动性的关系。结果表明, 冲动性能够预测自伤行为, 且预测效应量大于情绪调节困难。研究2, 采用Go/Nogo范式的ERPs实验, 检验自伤组与对照组冲动控制的行为学与脑电差异。结果表明, 自伤组Nogo正确反应的N2波幅显著高于对照组, N2潜伏期在部分电极点处高于对照组。脑电地形图显示两者的脑电差异主要体现在前额叶区。结论：自伤青少年的冲动性高于同龄普通青少年。     

Short‐term numerosity training promotes symbolic arithmetic in children with developmental dyscalculia: The mediating role of visual form perception

Studies have shown that numerosity‐based arithmetic training can promote arithmetic learning in typically developing children as well as children with developmental dyscalculia (DD), but the cognitive mechanism underlying this training effect remains unclear. The main aim of the current study was to examine the role of visual form perception in arithmetic improvement through an 8‐day numerosity training for DD children. Eighty DD children were selected from four Chinese primary schools. They were randomly divided into the intervention and control groups. The intervention group received training on an apple‐collecting game, whereas the control group received an English dictation task. Children's cognitive and arithmetic performances were assessed before and after training. The results showed that the intervention group showed a significant improvement in arithmetic performance, approximate number system (ANS) acuity, and visual form perception, but not in spatial processing and sentence comprehension. The control group showed no significant improvement in any cognitive ability. Mediation analysis further showed that training‐related improvement in arithmetic performance was fully mediated by the improvement in visual form perception. The results suggest that short‐term numerosity training enhances the arithmetic performance of DD children by improving their visual form perception.     

Goals or semantic constructs? Different choice setting and choice goal activation

The researcher of this paper contributes to the literature by identifying nuances among three types of choice settings that are likely to activate choice‐related goals and their implications for product evaluation. First, the research verifies that choice settings can activate choice‐related goals, for example, simplifying a choice. Second, it is proposed and shown that choice settings activate goals, not semantic constructs. Third, this research attempts to shed light on some nuances among different choice settings, which vary in the degree of cognitive effort used to compare alternatives. The results aid in understanding how three different choice settings can activate choice‐related goals. Fourth, the research proposes that goal activation has an implication for product evaluation, offering a new perspective to preference and choice reversal literature. Five experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses.     

Young Children Selectively Hide the Truth About Sensitive Topics

Starting in early childhood, children are socialized to be honest. However, they are also expected to avoid telling the truth in sensitive situations if doing so could be seen as inappropriate or impolite. Across two studies (total N = 358), the reasoning of 3- to 5-year-old children in such a scenario was investigated by manipulating whether the information in question would be helpful to the recipient. The studies used a reverse rouge paradigm, in which a confederate with a highly salient red mark on her nose asked children whether she looked okay prior to having her picture taken. In Study 1, children tended to tell the truth only if they were able to observe that the mark was temporary and the confederate did not know it was there. In Study 2, children tended to tell the truth only if they were able to observe that the mark could be concealed with makeup. These findings show that for children as young as age 3, decisions about whether to tell the truth are influenced by the likelihood that the information would be helpful to the recipient.     

分心抑制和关系整合对学前儿童类比推理的影响

为探究分心抑制和关系整合对学前儿童类比推理的影响,实验一先初步探究分心抑制和关系整合对25名3~4岁和26名5~6岁儿童完成含有知觉分心的类比情景任务的影响。其次,揭示知觉分心与关系整合在类比推理中的具体作用模式。实验二先初步探究分心抑制和关系整合对30名3~4岁和28名5~6岁儿童完成含有语义分心的类比情景任务的影响。其次,揭示语义分心与关系整合在类比推理中的具体作用模式。结果表明,抑制控制能显著预测儿童完成各种类型类比推理成绩,工作记忆能显著预测儿童完成含有语义分心的类比推理成绩而不能显著预测含有知觉分心的类比推理成绩。儿童完成类比情景中的分心抑制是在关系整合中完成的,当类比情景中的关系整合没有超过儿童的工作记忆容量时,知觉或语义分心才能造成对儿童类比推理的影响。     

中庸思想与“无被害人犯罪”刑事立法政策的哲学反思

二战后,受民主主义、自由观念、人权运动和非法律化倾向的影响,非犯罪化运动成为欧美刑事政策与刑法改革运动的重要内容.而首先成为非犯罪化实践对象的就是"无被害人犯罪".     

历史唯物主义在全球化时代的适用性

一问题的提出 今天,右派和左派知识分子都在挑战马克思主义、社会主义和历史唯物主义传统的当代适用性.右派知识分子如福山提出历史终结论,认为自由民主制度也许是"人类意识形态发展的终点"和"人类最后的一种统治形式".而左派也在质疑阶级分析和生产方式等概念是否适用于当下的历史情境.