Capacity limit of ensemble perception of multiple spatially intermixed sets

The visual system is remarkably efficient at extracting summary statistics from the environment. Yet at any given time, the environment consists of many groups of objects distributed over space. Thus, the challenge for the visual system is to summarize over multiple groups. The current study investigates the capacity and computational efficiency of ensemble perception, in the context of perceiving mean sizes of multiple spatially intermixed groups of circles. In a series of experiments, participants viewed an array of one to eight sets of circles. Each set contained four circles in the same colors, but with different sizes. Participants estimated the mean size of a probed set. The set that would be probed was either known before onset of the array (pre-cue condition) or afterwards (post-cue condition). By comparing estimation error in the pre-cue and post-cue conditions, we found that participants could reliably estimate mean sizes for approximately two sets (Experiment 1). Importantly, this capacity was robust against attention bias toward individual objects in the sets (Experiment 2). Varying the exposure time to stimulus arrays did not increase the capacity limit, suggesting that ensemble perception could be limited by an internal resource constraint, rather than the speed of information encoding (Experiment 3). Moreover, we found that the visual system could not encode and hold more individual items than ensemble representations (Experiment 4). Taken together, these results suggest that ensemble perception provides an efficient way of information processing but with constraints.     

Reference directions and reference objects in spatial memory of a briefly viewed layout

Two experiments investigated participants' spatial memory of a briefly viewed layout. Participants saw an array of five objects on a table and, after a short delay, indicated whether the target object indicated by the experimenter had been moved. Experiment 1 showed that change detection was more accurate when non-target objects were stationary than when non-target objects were moved. This context effect was observed when participants were tested both at the original learning perspective and at a novel perspective. In Experiment 2, the arrays of five objects were presented on a rectangular table and two of the non-target objects were aligned with the longer axis of the table. Change detection was more accurate when the target object was presented with the two objects that were aligned with the longer axis of the table during learning than when the target object was presented with the two objects that were not aligned with the longer axis of the table during learning. These results indicated that the spatial memory of a briefly viewed layout has interobject spatial relations represented and utilizes an allocentric reference direction.     

试论网络视域中的宗教传播——以佛教网站为例

本文以佛教网站为例讨论网络视域中的宗教传播.认为佛教网站就是有独立域名、独立服务器、独立IP地址或虚拟主机的以传播、交流、弘扬佛教教义、佛教文化、佛教精神为主旨的网站;而且,现有的佛教网站,虽然主体上多属宗教的网络化,但其局部也正在具有在线宗教的某些特质.以此,作为网络传播之主体的网站主办者便应以最大化宗教的积极功能为第一要务.     

自我姓名加工的相对独特性：来自RSVP的证据

研究采用注意瞬脱的双任务RSVP范式通过操纵T1任务知觉负载水平的高低及T1-T2间的延迟长短,检验不同负载和延迟条件被试对陌生姓名、明星姓名和自我姓名的识别正确率。研究发现,自我姓名加工具有明显的注意瞬脱对抗效应,体现出加工的独特性,但其独特性受负载及延迟条件的影响,且明星姓名在一定条件下也出现了与之相近注意瞬脱的对抗效应,证明自我姓名加工具有相对的独特性。     

国外工作场所负面人格特质研究述评

工作场所负面人格特质是指与工作绩效相关的负面人格特质, 研究者大多把它定义为多维度的结构。在国外相关研究中, 工作场所负面人格特质结构与管理者脱轨的影响因素、正常人格特质结构及人格障碍存在着紧密的联系。目前工作场所负面人格特质相关研究主要集中在工作场所负面人格特质维度结构研究及各维度与工作产出的关系上。实证研究表明, 负面人格特质对领导力、绩效等工作产出均存在显著影响。未来的研究应关注负面人格特质影响绩效和管理者脱轨的机制, 以及工作场所负面人格特质的本土化研究。     

自伤行为研究：现状、问题与建议

自我伤害行为指个体在没有明确自杀意图的情况下, 故意、重复地改变或伤害自己的身体组织。这种行为虽不致死, 但极具危险性。对自伤的诊断一直存在争议, 争议的焦点主要是自伤与自杀、自伤与边缘型人格障碍的关系问题。从流行学调查结果看, 国内普通青少年自伤比例高于西方, 达36%~57%, 但该行为在国内所受关注不多、相关研究甚少。影响自伤的危险因子, 总体可分为早年创伤性经验和个体易感性两大类, 后者包括情绪管理障碍、冲动性和生物学因素, 但各因素对自伤的影响程度尚不清楚。从病因和病理学研究现状看, 很多理论模型被提出来解释自伤的动机和原因, 包括功能性模型、发展病理性模型和整合模型等。自伤领域的研究虽然在近10年有飞跃性的增长, 但仍然有很多问题值得进一步探讨, 未来研究可以考虑进行自伤的分类研究、某些主题的细化研究、跨学科和跨文化研究等。     

美军EPAS系统对我军士兵职业分类研究的启示

EPAS（Enlisted Personnel Allocation System）是美军新开发的军人选拔分配系统。该系统采用最优线性匹配程序,通过预测绩效最大化,提高应征人员岗位匹配的有效性,以满足部队兵员分配的需求。本文从美军应征人员分配标准出发,介绍了该系统的历史沿革、主要原理,并阐明了对我军士兵职业分类研究的启迪。     

从反义技术到反基因技术：基因治疗的新突破

脱氧寡核苷酸或肽核酸可与基因双链DNA内的特定序列结合形成三逻DNA,三链DNA结构的形成可以抑制靶基因的转录。三链DNA在治疗肿瘤和病毒感染,降低耐药性,抑制免疫等方面都可以有广泛的应用,三链DNA的提出和发现为基因治疗提供了一个新的方向。     

危机管理在急诊护理管理中的应用

本文概述了急诊护理危机管理的含义,分析了当前急诊科护理危机的隐患因素,并进一步探讨危机管理在急诊护理管理中应用时的具体措施.阐述了强化危机管理在现代急诊护理管理中的重要作用,提出应最大限度防范与控制急诊护理危机,全面提高急诊科护理管理水平.     

字素-音素与词体-尾音对中国人英语语音加工的影响

研究采用命名任务,探讨了字素-音素对应规则与词体-尾音对应规则在英语假词和中高频真词读音中的作用.结果发现,中国被试同时采用字素-音素对应规则与词体-尾音对应规则命名假词和中高频真词,但是字素-音素对应规则对假词命名更重要.