Parental emotion regulation and preschoolers’ prosocial behavior: The mediating roles of parental warmth and inductive discipline

The potential mediating roles of parental warmth and inductive discipline on the relations of parental emotion regulation strategies to children’s prosocial behavior were examined in this study. Sixty-four parents of preschoolers (50% girls) completed questionnaires assessing their own regulation practices (i.e., cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression), parenting behaviors (i.e., parental warmth/nurturance, inductive discipline), and children’s prosocial behavior (voluntary behavior intended to benefit another). The authors hypothesized that cognitive reappraisal would be positively and expressive suppression would be negatively related to parenting behaviors and children’s prosocial behavior. They further hypothesized that parental warmth and inductive discipline would mediate the relations between parents’ own regulation strategies and children’s prosocial behavior. Results demonstrated that parental cognitive reappraisal was positively associated with warmth, and expressive suppression was negatively associated with inductive discipline and children’s prosocial behavior. Parental warmth, but not inductive discipline, mediated the relations between cognitive reappraisal and children’s prosocial behavior. The results highlight adults’ own regulatory strategies as predictors of socialization behaviors and the potential processes for socialization of children’s moral emotions and positive social development.     

《商君书》各篇的作者、创作时间及其成书考

《商君书》的成书情况十分复杂,它不是一时一人之作,应该是历时性的产物。具体而言,《商君书》中的《墾令》《境内》《农战》《战法》《立本》《兵守》《开塞》《君臣》《立法》这九篇都可能是商鞅所作。《更法》《去强》《说民》《弱民》《赏刑》《徕民》《慎法》《外内》这八篇大约成书在商鞅死后到秦昭王之间,其中《更法》篇当为战国时的史官所作,余为商鞅后学或当时崇尚商鞅学说的法家者流所作。《算地》《错法》《壹言》《靳令》《修权》《画策》《禁使》《定分》这八篇应该是战国末期至秦始皇统一天下前的作品,其中《定分》篇可能是《商君书》中最晚的作品。而把它们结集成书,则极有可能是在秦始皇统一六国后开始推行"书同文,车同轨"时官方主导下所为。     

语义性别刻板印象对注意返回抑制的影响——来自行为和ERP的证据

采用ERP技术,以线索提示任务检验了性别刻板印象在返回抑制下的激活过程.实验以性别特征词为线索刺激,性别范畴词为目标刺激,要求被试忽略线索与目标语义仅对目标空间位置做出判断.反应时和ERP显示,线索化条件下刻板语义激活对位置判断产生显著影响,体现为女性刻板语义冲突增强了返回抑制.但非线索化条件下未观察到任何效应.实验结果表明,特定任务下性别刻板印象能够诱发注意偏向,但此过程易受注意线索影响,显示其有条件性.     

声誉关注与社会距离对伤害困境中道德决策的影响：来自行为与ERPs的证据

在社会交往中, 声誉关注是人类合作行为和道德判断的重要决定因素之一。以往研究只是单独考察声誉关注或社会距离会如何影响道德决策行为, 但两者如何交互影响道德决策尚不清楚, 尤其是禁止性道德范畴领域(如, 伤害他人行为)下道德决策的认知神经机制。本研究要求被试在匿名或公开情境下决策是否愿意对不同社会距离他人(朋友、熟人、陌生人)实施疼痛电击以增加自己的金钱收益, 同时记录其决策时的行为和神经反应。结果发现, 匿名情境下被试对朋友的电击伤害要显著低于对熟人和陌生人的, 表现出一种明显的“利己的利他主义”决策倾向; 与朋友和陌生人相比, 被试在涉及熟人的两难决策中花费了更长的时间, 体验到了更强烈的厌恶情绪, 并诱发了更大波幅的与情绪反应有关的P260成分, 以及与认知推理有关的晚期正成分(LPP: 300~450 ms), 表现出一种典型的“熟人效应”。然而, 行为与ERP指标上的这些差异在公开情境下均显著减弱了。这表明个体在禁止性道德范畴领域下的道德决策遵循着一种“利己的利他主义”的道德原则, 熟人关系的不确定性会在道德决策中诱发强烈的负性情绪和认知负荷, 而声誉关注削弱了利己倾向和人际关系的不确定性所带来的厌恶情绪和认知冲突。     

你能看见我的努力吗：社会地位感知对消费者繁简偏好的影响

文章通过5个实验(包括1个预注册实验)探讨了个体感知到的相对社会地位如何影响消费者对产品繁简设计的偏好。实验1和2发现处于相对低社会地位的个体会偏好设计繁复的产品。实验3和4探究了该效应的中介机制, 即繁复设计的产品可以传递出努力线索, 而相对低社会地位个体因为重视努力进而偏好繁复设计产品。实验5通过调节变量的方式进一步验证上述机制, 发现社会地位对繁简偏好的影响只存在于那些重视努力价值的个体身上。文章推进了消费者审美偏好, 主观社会地位和消费者努力等方向的研究进展。     

青少年重复创伤暴露与创伤后应激障碍的关系:安全感与认知重评的中介作用

采用创伤暴露程度问卷、生活事件量表、安全感量表、情绪调节策略问卷和修订后的DSM-5的PTSD核查表对汶川地震8.5年后的1156名中学生进行调查,考察其重复创伤暴露、安全感和认知重评与PTSD之间的关系。结果发现,在控制初次地震暴露后,重复创伤暴露可以直接正向预测PTSD,也可以通过确定控制感和人际安全感分别间接地正向预测PTSD,还可以通过人际安全感经认知重评的多重中介作用来正向预测PTSD。不过,重复创伤暴露不能直接经过认知重评对PTSD发挥显著的预测作用,也不能通过确定控制感经认知重评来对PTSD发挥显著的多重间接预测作用。     

Social capital and PTSD among PLWHA in China: the mediating role of resilience and internalized stigma

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is frequent among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Few studies have investigated social-psychological predictors of PTSD in China. This study aimed to examine relationships between social capital, stigma, resilience and PTSD among PLWHA in China, and to provide effective suggestions for PTSD intervention. A cross-sectional study of 520 PLWHA was conducted from November 2015 to January 2016. Survey data were collected using anonymous self-reported questionnaire. Multivariable analyses were used to examine related factors of PTSD, and causal mediation analyses were conducted to assess whether stigma and resilience were mediators. Results indicated that higher risk of PTSD was independent associated with stronger stigma, decreasing social capital and lower resilience. There was an indirect relationship of social capital on PTSD mediated through resilience and HIV-related stigma. Therefore, PTSD intervention programs should not only pay attention to the role of social capital on PTSD, but also attach importance to stigma and resilience on PTSD symptoms.     

Young children discover how to deceive in 10 days: a microgenetic study

We investigated how the ability to deceive emerges in early childhood among a sample of young preschoolers (Mean age = 34.7 months). We did this via a 10‐session microgenetic method that took place over a 10‐day period. In each session, children played a zero‐sum game against an adult to win treats. In the game, children hid the treats and had opportunities (10 trials) to win them by providing deceptive information about their whereabouts to the adult. Although children initially showed little or no ability to deceive, most spontaneously discovered deception and systematically used it to win the game by the tenth day. Both theory of mind and executive function skills were predictive of relatively faster patterns of discovery. These results are the first to provide evidence for the importance of cognitive skills and social experience in the discovery of deception over time in early childhood.     

The effect of electropulsing on dislocation structures in [233] coplanar double-slip-oriented fatigued copper single crystals

The effect of high-current-density electropulsing on dislocation structures in a coplanar double-slip-oriented copper single crystal that had previously been fatigued is reported. The results show that, after electropulsing, vein structures are transformed to cell structures with some dark regions. It is proposed that the thermal compressive stress caused by electropulsing activates a coplanar slip system and leads to strong dislocation interactions between primary and coplanar slip systems, thereby forming cell structures. Partial recrystallization may occur by electropulsing, leading to the appearance of some dark regions.     

Kinetics of formation of interfaces between immiscible polymers

The kinetics of the formation of the interfacial width between immiscible polymer pairs are studied using neutron reflectivity. Bilayers of deuterated polystyrene (d-PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) of high molecular weight are used. The time dependence of the formation of the interface in both cases where the thickness of the top d-PS layer is thin (less than 200 Å) and thick (greater than 1000 Å) is investigated. Following an initial rapid increase, a logarithmic dependence of the interfacial width on time is observed. We interpret this result as arising from the slow equilibration of long-wavelength capillary-wave fluctuations; comparison of our results with theory yields a value of the interfacial tension in good agreement with the self-consistent field theory prediction.