The influence of working memory load on the Simon effect

The contribution of spatial and verbal working memory (WM) to the processing of stimulus location in the Simon task was examined in two experiments. Subjects performed the Simon task in single- and dual-task conditions. In the dual-task conditions, individuals first encoded the locations of four boxes/pseudocharacters or the identity of seven characters in memory, then responded to the color of a Simon stimulus, and finally received a test for the WM set. The Simon effect was insensitive to spatial WM load and was abolished by verbal WM load. These data reveal a role of verbal WM in the processing of spatial location in the Simon task. In addition, the data are inconsistent with dual-route models of the Simon effect and may support response discrimination accounts of the mechanisms underlying the processing of spatial location in the Simon task.     

The Impact of Trait Anxiety on Self‐frame and Decision Making

The present study investigated how trait anxiety influenced the formation of a self‐frame and decision making. Participants (N = 1044) responded to the Trait Anxiety Inventory. Those with trait anxiety scores ±1 Z score from the sample mean (N = 328) were recalled to respond to the self‐frame questionnaire. The results suggested that trait anxiety differences could result in differences in the editing of decision‐making information, thereby influencing the risky choice. Compared with the low trait anxiety group, participants from the high trait anxiety group showed a greater tendency to use negative vocabulary to construct their self‐frame and tended to choose conservative plans. Self‐frame suppressed the influence of trait anxiety on decision making. These results further confirmed the hypothesis that individual differences in personality traits might influence the processing of information in a framed decision task. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

幼儿书目清单的编制及其与口头词汇的关系

本研究根据中国家庭文化背景编制一个测量中国家庭亲子阅读量的问卷——幼儿书目清单,并比较书目清单和传统的父母自陈报告家庭亲子阅读频率这两种方法在预测幼儿口头词汇的效果上是否存在差异.研究发现幼儿书目清单有较好的信、效度.进一步的回归分析发现在控制了儿童的智商、父母的学历后亲子阅读量确实能显著预测幼儿的口语能力,并且书目清单的预测效果优于父母自陈报告的亲子阅读频率.     

Reciprocal Influences Between Parents’ Perceptions of Mother-Child and Father-Child Relationships: A Short-Term Longitudinal Study in Chinese Preschoolers

The authors examined whether the finding of a correspondence between specific behavioral patterns of attachment in infancy and childhood and specific representational patterns in childhood could be replicated using children's responses to a story depicting an imagined parent-child separation experience. The participants were 33 German mothers and their children (16 girls, 17 boys). Attachment quality was assessed via standard and exploratory attachment observations at ages 12 months, 18 months, and 6 years. Chi-square analyses indicated that there was a good level of concordance between the behavioral and representation attachment patterns in infancy and childhood.     

回避性依恋和注意偏向：刺激普遍性与刺激特定性

采用工作记忆算式-词对广度任务,通过87名大学生探索依恋回避倾向性与注意的关系。研究发现：依恋回避与三类词的工作记忆成绩呈负相关;工作记忆广度类型、词类型主效应显著;工作记忆广度类型与词类型交互作用显著。结果表明：回避性依恋者具有回避性注意偏向;回避性注意偏向既有刺激普遍性,又有刺激特定性,依恋性刺激比中性刺激更容易在信息加工早期被防御性地排除;回避性注意偏向具有调节情绪的功能性价值。为去激活策略情绪调节观提供了跨文化研究证据。     

十文钱问题再探

本研究设计了三个实验,探讨了被试在经典的十文钱问题以及与其异质同构的组团旅游问题中的推理情况。实验1通过调查法发现,被试在十文钱异质同构问题中表现出了与十文钱问题同样高的错误率,属于推理错觉问题。在此基础上,实验二、三就其推理错误的可能原因进行了实证探究,结果发现：（1）题目表面特征的弱化能显著提高被试的推理成绩。（2）批判性思维意识与批判性思维技巧的线索提示能显著提高被试的推理成绩。     

创伤暴露程度对中学生创伤后应激障碍的影响：复原力的调节作用

采用创伤暴露程度调查表、复原力量表和创伤后应激障碍症状量表调查了汶川地震1年后的773名中学生,考察了其复原力在创伤暴露程度与创伤后应激障碍关系中的调节作用。结果发现,地震1年后,中学生的创伤后应激障碍水平较低,其中男生的水平低于女生,初一学生的水平相对低于初二、高一和高三学生;创伤暴露程度对创伤后应激障碍及其各维度都有显著的正向预测作用;复原力在创伤暴露程度对创伤后应激障碍及其回避性症状与警觉性增高症状的影响上发生负向调节作用,在创伤暴露程度对闯入性症状的影响上不起调节作用。     

勇:从形式之德到内容之德——孔子论"勇"及其现代启示

对于作为心理品质意义上的"勇",孔子反对行为上恃勇妻为和现念上以武论勇,他主张把这样的"勇"纳于"仁"、"义"的目标之下.为使"勇"由形式之德变为内容之德,孔子进而将"勇"限定为维护.仁"、"史"而生发出的那些顽强性意志品质,由此提升"勇"为一道德范畴.孔子的"勇"论开创了儒家一系的"勇"的学说,也促成中华民族敢担道义、一往无前、无所畏惧的精神品质.在当今市场经济条件下,孔子的"勇"论仍有重要的价值.     

核心自我评价研究综述*

核心自我评价自提出以来,便倍受关注。纵观15年的研究历史,核心自我评价的研究已从工作领域扩展到了学校心理健康领域。本文首先回顾了核心自我评价提出的背景、概念和结构、测量方法、与大五人格的关系、核心自我评价与工作满意和工作绩效的关系机制。然后,对核心自我评价的跨文化研究和在我国的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了一些存在的问题以及今后研究的方向。     

小学生创伤后应激障碍对攻击行为的影响：应对方式的调节作用

采用儿童创伤后应激障碍症状量表、儿童行为问题核查表和应对方式问卷,考察汶川地震极重灾区980名小学生的创伤后应激障碍、应对方式与攻击行为的关系。结果表明：地震后1年半,灾区小学生攻击行为水平较低,但男生的攻击行为明显高于女生;积极认知在回避性症状对攻击行为的预测中起显著的负向调节作用;负向发泄分别在回避性症状和警觉增高症状对攻击行为的预测中起显著的正向调节作用。