面对面和计算机群体决策运用排序法上的比较

通过人员选拔的实验室模拟实验．比较面对面的和以计算机为中介的决策群体在信息是否完全分享及是否采用排序法决策条件下对于决策效标的影响。结果表明：(1)决策前的信息分享通过决策前偏好的人数构成影响了最终的决策准确率。(2)排序法在面对面交流时只在信息非分享的情况下才显著增加了关键信息交流;排序法在计算机交流和信息完全分享下显著增加了关键信息交流。弥补了Hollingshead的研究不足之处。排序法不损害成员对于讨论的满意感。(3)计算机交流更关注文本信息,有更多争论、自我观点阐述和申诉。在关键信息交流上与面对面交流没有差异。(4)在决策准确性上,不同的交流方式没有差异。     

介入放射解剖学

随着介入放射学的迅速发展,介入放射解剖学作为一门新兴学科亦应运而生,阐述了介入放射解剖学的定义、内容和分类,提出了介入放射解剖学工作的主要任务与对策,并对该学科未来的发展前景予以展望,是对传统解剖学的重要扩展和补充,也是临床介入性诊断与治疗的基础.     

Will They Listen to Me? An Examination of In-Group Gender Bias in Children’s Communication Beliefs

Sex Roles - We assessed developmental and gender differences in children’s beliefs about their peers’ communication styles. We hypothesized that children hold more favorable beliefs...     

如何用行为经济学应对不确定性：拓展有效助推的范围

本文提出了决策中不确定性的五种类型及其行为学和心理学的应对机制：用简捷启发式替代加权求和应对信息不确定性, 用直觉应对认知不确定性, 用价值观预测选择偏好应对行为不确定性, 用决策参照点的权重替代概率应对结果不确定性, 用时间换时间以降低延迟折扣应对未来不确定性。新行为经济学应当通过“为什么”的功能性分析, 找到行为助推的心理杠杆。化解不确定性本身就是一种有效的行为助推; 化繁为简是行为助推的关键所在。     

Trajectories of sleep problems among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake: the role of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms

Objective: We examined the trajectories of sleep problems in adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake, and assessed predictors such as posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Methods: We surveyed adolescents at 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 years after the Wenchuan earthquake. In total, 391 adolescents completed self-report questionnaires. Results: We identified five latent sleep problem trajectories, specifically, U-shaped (3.8%), low-stable (68.0%), high-stable (10.8%), increasing (8.7%), and decreasing (8.7%) trajectories. Additionally, we found that posttraumatic stress disorder hyper-arousal symptoms were more frequent in individuals who had non-low-stable trajectories. Adolescents in the U-shaped group were less likely to have intrusive symptoms. Conclusion: After natural disasters, consequent sleep problems in adolescents do not remain stable over time, and sleep problem trajectories had considerable heterogeneity.     

认知还是元认知：口语产生中舌尖效应的心理机制

舌尖效应(Tip-of-the-tongue, TOT)在口语产生领域存在认知和元认知两种研究视角。认知视角主要针对口语产生的词汇通达过程, 认为信息激活或提取不充分是TOT发生的主要原因。元认知视角则主要关注口语产生的元认知过程, 认为个体对目标词提取状态的监测引发了TOT。TOT的元认知过程不仅可以监测目标词的提取状态及词汇通达过程中相关信息的提取, 而且可以控制词汇通达过程, 使目标词在TOT发生后成功地提取出来。两种研究视角在TOT发生的认知机制、影响因素以及生理基础方面均存在分离。未来研究应该探讨TOT监测和控制口语产生的作用机制和生理基础, 关注汉语背景下TOT发生规律及其对口语产生年老化的积极影响。     

义势两辨荣辱相分——荀子荣辱观及其当代启示

荀子是中国古代第一个系统论述荣辱观的思想家,他在<正论>篇里提出了著名的"义荣"、"势荣"、"义辱"、"势辱"概念.先秦儒家三大代表人物孔子、孟子、荀子在荣辱观问题上的观点是一致的.荣辱观主要通过荣誉感的激励功能与羞耻感的约束功能发挥其道德评价与选择功能.荀子以先义后利为荣,追求内在的义荣的思想为我们当前树立正确的荣辱观提供了有益的启示.     

"是-应该"问题及其解答

休谟提出如何从“是”推出“应该”,亦即如何从事实判断推出价值判断的问题。本文以该问题为线索,评述和澄清休谟道德哲学的主要观点,并对与此问题密切相关的“囚徒困境”作了探讨。在此基础上,提出一种新的解答,即：“是一应该”问题是不能彻底解决的,在这个意义上,休谟的“是一应该”论题是正确的。但是,在另一种意义上,“是一应该”问题是可以解决的,即对于那些已经把长远利益作为追求目标的人而言是如此。因为对他们来说,追求长远利益已经是一个事实,因而必须考虑与他人或社会的合作,这使他们原有的同情心得到加强,从而产生名誉感和自尊心,进而达到正义和仁慈的德行。这样便从追求长远利益的“是”得出正义和仁慈的“应该”。     

Automatic recognition of eye blinking in spontaneously occurring behavior

Previous researchin automatic facial expression recognition has been limited to recognition of gross expression categories (e.g., joy or anger) in posed facial behavior under well-controlled conditions (e.g., frontal pose and minimal out-of-plane head motion). We have developed a system that detects a discrete and important facial action (e.g., eye blinking) in spontaneously occurring facial behavior that has been measured with a nonfrontal pose, moderate out-of-plane head motion, and occlusion. The system recovers three-dimensional motion parameters, stabilizes facial regions, extracts motion and appearance information, and recognizes discrete facial actions in spontaneous facial behavior. We tested the system in video data from a two-person interview. The 10 subjects were ethnically diverse, action units occurred during speech, and out-of-plane motion and occlusion from head motion and glasses were common. The video data were originally collected to answer substantive questions in psychology and represent a substantial challenge to automated action unit recognition. In analysis of blinks, the system achieved 98% accuracy.     

抑制控制在类比映射发展中的作用:认知负荷的影响

本研究采用负启动范式,设置不同的认知负荷任务,探究抑制控制在儿童和成人类比映射中的作用。实验一中,31名7岁儿童、33名10岁儿童和34名成人完成高认知负荷的相对大小类比映射的负启动任务。结果表明,所有群体均出现负启动效应,且负启动效应随年龄增长而减小。实验二中,30名7岁儿童、30名10岁儿童和32名成人完成低认知负荷的相对大小类比映射的负启动任务。结果表明,所有群体均出现负启动效应,但负启动效应无显著年龄差异。本研究的结果揭示了抑制控制和认知负荷在类比映射发展中的重要作用。