物种“内在生物本质主义”:从温和走向激进

走向"内在生物本质主义"(INBE)既是可能的,也是必要的。进一步研究表明,温和的INBE者没有看到"基因种概念"的真实性和优越性,主张物种本质的"二元论"或"多元论",是错误的。物种的本质可以而且应该归结为物种成员之共同拥有的内在微观结构——"DNA序列片段",即未来的、新的、理想的物种"DNA条形码"。它是物种内在本质属性的典型载体,属于"基因种概念",体现了物种的"真实本质",不仅能够解释其他物种概念所能够解释的,而且还能够解释它们所不能解释的,由此可以作为物种唯一的、内在的本质而存在。这是物种本质"一元论",属于激进的INBE。激进的INBE是成立的,因为"DNA条形码"是在物种的形成演变过程中确立的,蕴涵了物种演化、变异的历史性、生态性和关系性,体现了"整体化的‘基因还原论’"以及"历史蕴涵的‘基因决定论’"。     

马启西苏非思想溯源

已有的学术研究一致认为中国伊斯兰教西道堂创传人马启西的思想受到了清代穆斯林学者刘智和哲赫忍耶道祖马明心的影响,进而指出马启西思想与苏非主义有某种关联,但并未探讨其具体受哪个苏非教团的影响.本文根据已有的研究,结合新发现的资料,认为马启西的苏非思想可以追溯至纳格什班迪苏非教团.他从多个方面间接地吸收了该教团的思想,在新的历史境遇下,对其作了一定的继承和扬弃,付诸实践,使其呈现出新的特征.     

陈景元《庄子注》中的道论

北宋著名道教学者陈景元在<庄子注>中对庄子之"道"作了新的阐释.他重点阐发了道体虚无、生化万物的特点,并将气、理等概念引入道论之中,上承隋唐重玄余绪,下启宋代二程理学,具有重要的理论意义.他从心、神、精、气的角度对道教修炼之道的发挥,也对宋元道教内丹学说产生了一定影响.     

Attentional disengagement from negative natural sounds for high-anxious individuals

Background and objectives: Previous studies have not consistently concluded whether high-anxious persons exhibit attentional bias towards negative natural auditory stimuli. The present study explores whether auditory negative stimuli could induce attentional bias to negative sounds in real life and investigates the exact nature of these biases using an emotional spatial cueing task.

Design: Experimental study with a mixed factorial design.

Method: We created two groups according to the state-trait anxiety scale, namely high and low trait anxiety. Participants (N?=?68 undergraduate students) were required to respond to an auditory target after receiving a negative (aversive sounds from natural life) or neutral auditory stimuli.

Results: A 2 (Validity: valid/invalid)?×?2 (Cue Valence: negative/neutral)?×?2 (Anxiety Group: LA/HA) repeated-measures ANOVA on reaction times revealed that participants with high trait anxiety exhibited slower reaction times in invalid trials following negative cues than following neutral cues. Higher levels of trait anxiety were associated with more difficult attentional disengagement from negative auditory information.

Conclusions: The results demonstrate that impaired attentional disengagement was one of the mechanisms by which high-anxious participants exhibited auditory attentional bias to natural negative information.