Similarity as threat: A motivational explanation of self–other similarity judgment asymmetry

People tend to judge others to be more similar to themselves than themselves are to others. This self–other similarity judgment asymmetry was often explained by a cognitive model. However, some findings were inconsistent with this model, implying that there might be complementary processes underlying such asymmetry. Although a motivational explanation has been proposed to account for the asymmetry, little evidence has been accumulated to verify this explanation and differentiate it from the cognitive model. The current research tested both the core assumption of the motivational explanation as well as a hypothesis derived only from it. Results suggest that the perception of oneself as being similar to others was more threatening to people's uniqueness than the perception of others as being similar to oneself. Individuals with high need for uniqueness exhibited greater asymmetry than did individuals with low need. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quality of Life and Recycling Behaviour in High-Rise Buildings: A Case in Hong Kong

Many researchers, environmentalists and economists have made tremendous efforts to enable polices and measures for waste recycling, to improve the quality of the public living environment and to achieve a better quality of everyday life. This study examined the quality of life (QOL) in high-rise buildings in relation to sustainability. It investigated household recycling behaviour and explored the QOL factors that affect such behaviour. Two models based on different types of recycling behaviour were estimated: 1) a model for the use of public recycling facilities (UPRF) and 2) a model for the use of private recycling sectors (UPRS). Data were collected through a survey of 505 residents in two old districts of Hong Kong. The assessment of QOL included consideration for the physical settings, the socio-demographic variables and the respondents’ attitudes on recycling and living environments. The research methods involved questionnaires and interviews. Correlations and multiple regression analyses were conducted to interpret the data collected through the questionnaires. The findings indicated that UPRF can be significantly predicted by physical settings and by satisfaction with the location of facilities, with the residents’ participation and with the quality of the neighbourhood and accommodation. UPRS can be significantly predicted by housing type, income and the availability of private recycling sectors. These findings also indicate some directions for researchers and policymakers to consider. These directions concern how environments and public facilities should be designed to encourage sustainable behaviour and enable a better QOL without compromising environmental sustainability.     

有限模型下的模态概率逻辑

模态逻辑语义学是经典逻辑语义学的一个扩张,对"可能"、"必然"等词进行了刻画,而概率从某个角度来说是对"可能"的更加精确的表示。本文试图在模态逻辑语义学的基础之上,形式化地刻画如下直观思想:每一个在某一世界上有一定概率发生的事件都一定会在其可通达的某个(或者某些)可能世界上发生。     

An Examination of the “Greening of Christianity” Thesis Among Americans, 1993–2010

Some environmental and religious scholars, religious leaders, and media figures have claimed there has been a “greening of Christianity” in the United States since the mid‐1990s. Such a trend would be socially significant, as the integration of Christian values and environmental values may invigorate both domains. Using nationally representative data from the 1993 and 2010 General Social Surveys, we analyze how green self‐identified Christians in the U.S. general public are in their pro‐environmental attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Using structural equation modeling, we find no clear evidence of a greening of Christianity among rank‐and‐file Christians in the general public between 1993 and 2010. Indeed, the patterns of our results are quite similar to those from earlier decades, which documented that self‐identified Christians reported lower levels of environmental concern than did non‐Christians and nonreligious individuals. We did find evidence of some greening among evangelical Protestants, especially relative to mainline Protestants, between 1993 and 2010. We close by suggesting a few fruitful avenues for further research in this area via variable‐oriented, case‐oriented, and experimental studies and discussing some theoretical implications of our findings.     

Behavioral Problems Reported by Adolescents and Parents from HIV Affected Families in China

This study examined the influence of various factors on the behavioral problems of adolescents affected by HIV while considering the agreement between adolescent and parent reports on problem behaviors. A total of 136 families each with one parent living with HIV (PLH) and one child aged 13–18 were included. Structural equation modeling was used to explore relationships between selected family measures and adolescent’s problem behaviors. The correlation between the PLH and adolescent-reported behavioral problem measures was low (β?=?0.11). PLH-reported adolescent problem behaviors were negatively related to PLH-reported parental bonding (β?=??0.39), family routines (β?=??0.26), and positively associated with family conflict (β?=?0.21). Adolescent-reported family participation was associated with self-reported problem behaviors (β?=??0.35). Our study reported discrete perceptions of adolescent problem behaviors from parents’ and adolescents’ points of view. Future intervention efforts should emphasize family contextual factors to improve behavioral outcomes in adolescents affected by HIV.     

Cortisol Reactivity as a Mediator of Peer Victimization on Child Internalizing and Externalizing Problems: The Role of Gender Differences

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - Children exposed to peer victimization are at increased risk for psychopathology. However, the physiological mechanisms linking peer victimization...     

大学生社会行为、成就动机与网络成瘾倾向的关系研究——以武汉市5所高校为例

运用问卷调查法探讨大学生的社会行为、成就动机与网络成瘾倾向的关系。对299位大学生的调查结果表明:(1)追求成功动机、避免失败动机和社交能力对大学生网络成瘾倾向有直接影响;(2)成就动机还通过社交能力间接影响网络成瘾倾向。     

儒学与以“天”“祖”崇拜为核心的中国人宗教信仰系统的发展

千百年来,真正在中国人的精神系统中发挥作用的宗教观念是以天祖崇拜为核心的中国人的宗教信仰系统。但是,三代以降,以天、祖观念为核心的宗教信仰系统始终没有成为真正意义上的宗教。若从文化发展的角度来看,原因就出在儒学身上。以孔子为代表的儒家文化对中国人宗教观念的发展具有二重性:既有对天命、鬼神和祭祀的肯定,又有对人文和理性精神的张扬。这就决定了儒家文化同宗教既有密切的联系,又存在着相当的距离。利玛窦入华宣教遭遇的尴尬和窘境,在于基督教的反偶像崇拜与中国人千百年来形成的根深蒂固的敬天祭祖思想之间的排拒和不容。当代祭祖活动在内容和形式上的变化,就其实质来说,是中国传统宗教观念和宗教活动适应时代发展要求的结果。     

自由主义的宗教信仰自由的困境与危机

如何理解"宗教"与"宗教信仰自由"?前提是需要重新分析和审视时代背景与社会生活的变化。西方自由主义的政治哲学和道德伦理赋予"宗教"、"宗教信仰自由"的问题西方历史与语境下的含义,并成为这一含义的理论基础。而在全球化时代,自由主义对"宗教信仰自由"的解释不再无懈可击。本文意在区分我们所身处的时代与此前时代,自不同的维度理解既有概念,视"宗教信仰自由"为一个探寻的概念,丰富与发展"宗教信仰自由"的内涵,以增强其适应性。     

法国医疗损害赔偿制度改革述评

基于病人权利运动的蓬勃发展和卫生体系现代化的要求,法国近年来在医事法上的主要成就是,建立了对无过错医疗行为中受到严重损害的病人以国家"团结互助"名义从专项基金中予以救济的制度,并且构建了医疗纠纷诉讼外解决机制,分析这种改革的优点与不足.