中学生助人方式的决策问题研究

选取７２名中学生做被试,通过自然实验和量表测试及问卷调查的方法,研究他们助人方式的决策问题。实验结果显示绝大多数中学生在助人方式上采取的是习惯型的决策模式。通过对实验班实施我们设计的“决策系统训练法”,可显著地提高他们的助人决策能力和亲社会行为的水平,并将其决策模式转化为科学型的决策模式。这项技术在青少年品德教育中颇有价值。     

Org-2766对小鼠学习记忆的影响及其与脑内蛋白质合成的关系

以一次性被动回避反应和Y-迷宫分辨学习为学习记忆模型,研究了Org-2766对小鼠学习记忆的影响。结果表明:Org-2766能延缓小鼠被动回避反应的消退;促进分辨学习,并能改善由于注射茴香霉素而引起的遗忘。 以海马、丘脑突触体对[~3H]-亮氨酸的摄取影响,探讨了Org-2766促进记忆的作用与蛋白质合成的关系。结果表明:茴香霉素抑制海马、丘脑突触体摄取[~3H]-亮氨酸;Org-2766可减轻该抑制作用,使摄取量基本恢复正常。提示:Org-2766促进记忆的作用可能与脑内蛋白质有关。     

编纂出版《老子集成》研讨会在国家宗教事务局召开

2008年2月2日,国家宗教事务局局长叶小文,副局长王作安、齐晓飞、蒋坚永,在局办公室主任张乐斌、一司司长徐远杰、人事司司长庞贵林等的陪同下,来到北京白云观看望慰问中国道教协会负责人并与之进行了座谈.     

Retrieval of concrete words involves more contextual information than abstract words: multiple components for the concreteness effect

The current study used the directed forgetting paradigm in implicit and explicit memory to investigate the concreteness effect. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to explore the neural basis of this phenomenon. The behavioral results showed a clear concreteness effect in both implicit and explicit memory tests; participants responded significantly faster to concrete words than to abstract words. The ERP results revealed a concreteness effect (N400) in both the encoding and retrieval phases. In addition, behavioral and ERP results showed an interaction between word concreteness and memory instruction (to-be-forgotten vs. to-be-remembered) in the late epoch of the explicit retrieval phase, revealing a significant concreteness effect only under the to-be-remembered instruction condition. This concreteness effect was realized as an increased P600-like component in response to concrete words relative to abstract words, likely reflecting retrieval of contextual details. The time course of the concreteness effect suggests advantages of concrete words over abstract words due to greater contextual information.     

Psychological Dating Violence Perpetration and Victimization: Trajectories From Middle to High School

Despite evidence documenting the negative consequences, psychological dating violence occurs frequently in adolescent dating relationships. No information exists on the trajectories that adolescents follow and their association to nonphysical peer violence. The sample comprised 624 randomly selected 6th graders. In yearly surveys from 6th through 12th grade, 550 of the 624 students reported dating at least twice during the 3 months prior to completing the survey. These students responded to questions about frequency of engagement in psychological dating violence perpetration and victimization. We used Proc TRAJ to identify developmental trajectories of behavior over time and generalized estimating equation models to examine the associations of the trajectories and peer aggression. Adolescents followed three distinct developmental trajectories related to psychological dating violence victimization and perpetration: low, increasing, and high. Based on the joint probabilities of victimization and perpetration, we identified four predominant groups: low victimization/low perpetration (LVLP; 36%), increasing victimization/increasing perpetration (40%), high victimization/high perpetration (HVHP; 15%), and increasing victimization/low perpetration (IVLP; 7%). The LVLP had significantly more boys and White students; the HVHP group had an even gender distribution and more African‐American students. For all groups, peer aggression decreased from Grade 6 to 12; students in the HVHP group reported the highest peer aggression, and students in the LVLP reported the lowest peer aggression. Findings suggest a strong, reciprocal relationship in the developmental trajectories of adolescents who experience and perpetrate psychological dating violence. Those highly engaged in these behaviors were also more likely to be violent toward peers. Aggr. Behav. 38:510‐520, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

See your friends close and your enemies closer: social identity and identity threat shape the representation of physical distance

Three studies demonstrated that collective identity and identity threat shape representations of the physical world. In Study 1, New York Yankees fans estimated Fenway Park, the stadium of a threatening out-group (but not Camden Yards, the stadium of a neutral out-group) to be closer than did non-Yankees fans. In Study 2, the authors manipulated identity threat among people affiliated (or not) with New York University (NYU). When Columbia University was portrayed as threatening to NYU, NYU affiliates estimated Columbia as closer than did non-affiliates, compared with when Columbia was nonthreatening. In Study 3, Americans who perceived more symbolic threats from Mexican immigration estimated Mexico City as closer. Collective identification with the in-group moderated effects of threat on distance estimations. These studies suggest that social categorization, collective identification, and identity threat work in concert to shape the representations of the physical world.     

G(o) activation is required for both appetitive and aversive memory acquisition in Drosophila

Heterotrimeric G(o) is an abundant brain protein required for negatively reinforced short-term associative olfactory memory in Drosophila. G(o) is the only known substrate of the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin (PTX) in fly, and acute expression of PTX within the mushroom body neurons (MB) induces a reversible deficit in associative olfactory memory. We demonstrate here that the induction of PTX within the α/β and γ lobe MB neurons leads to impaired memory acquisition without affecting memory stability. The induction of PTX within these MB neurons also leads to a significant defect in an optimized positively reinforced short-term memory paradigm; however, this PTX-induced learning deficit is noticeably less severe than found with the negatively reinforced paradigm. Both negatively and positively reinforced memory phenotypes are rescued by the constitutive expression of G(o)α transgenes bearing the Cys(351)Ile mutation. Since this mutation renders the G(o) molecule insensitive to PTX, the results isolate the effect of PTX on both forms of olfactory associative learning to the inhibition of the G(o) activation.     

自古圣贤皆“寂寞”?——独处及相关研究

独处(solitude)是指个体与外界无互动,或意识上与他人分离,并能够自由选择个人身心活动的状态.与孤独感只能体验到消极情绪不同,独处是一种能够容纳不同情绪体验的开放性客观状态,对个体有积极的建设性意义.目前关于独处的研究方法主要有自我报告法和经验取样法.研究发现随着年龄增长,个体用于独处的时间增加,并对独处的态度更为积极.独处对个体的心理健康、创造力和自我整合等方面均有积极的促进作用.未来的研究应进一步明确独处的构成,考察独处的发展机制、独处的文化差异,而独处的大脑神经机制将是该领域一个比较有价值的研究方向.     

材料类型和颜色典型性影响颜色-物体Stroop效应

通过两个实验考查材料类型和颜色典型性对颜色-物体Stroop效应的影响。实验1,考查颜色-物体（图片）Stroop效应。结果颜色典型性差异显著,命名图片的颜色和图片的名称都产生显著的颜色-物体Stroop效应。实验2,考查颜色-物体（词语）Stroop效应。结果颜色典型性差异显著,命名词语的颜色产生颜色-物体Stroop效应,命名词语的名称未产生颜色-物体Stroop效应。结论,材料类型和颜色典型性影响颜色-物体Stroop效应。