先秦兵学与齐鲁文化

先秦时期,齐鲁兵学在地域文化中名列榜首。原因在于,这里战争发生的频率较高,使将帅们获得了丰富的实践经验,同时,齐鲁具有浓厚的思想文化传统,是“百家争鸣”的中心,其思想文化精英们长期形成了好学深思、长于辩论、乐于著述的优良传统,为兵家提供了得天独厚的沃土。齐鲁又具有着悠久而厚重的兵学传统,姜尚、管仲、司马穰苴、孙武、吴起、孙膑等构成了这一传统的系列星座。     

Subject-Object Ambiguities in German Embedded Clauses: An Across-the-Board Comparison

This paper examines the processing of embedded clauses in German which are ambiguous between a subject-before-object and an object-before-subject order. In an experiment using a speeded grammaticality judgment task, four types of locally ambiguous clauses were compared: (i) sentences involving movement of a definite noun phrase (NP), (ii) sentences involving pronoun movement, (iii) relative clauses, and (iv) embedded questions. We found that readers were consistently garden-pathed in the object-before-subject condition, regardless of sentence type. Furthermore, there were considerable differences with respect to garden-path strength. The garden-path effect was strongest for sentences involving scrambling. In addition, sentences involving pronoun movement induced more processing difficulty than embedded questions and relative clauses. We argue that our findings can be best explained within a serial processing model that acknowledges both syntactic and nonsyntactic influences on reanalysis and that can account for graded effects of garden-path strength.     

汉语阅读发展研究中几种实验任务之间关系的探讨

本研究综合考察汉语阅读获得与发展研究中经常使用的注音、命名与组词,听写与多重选择的关系。结果发现：注音与命名有很强的一致性,并且都与组词有很高的棚关;在这些任务中,听写的难度最大,多重选择最易;几种任务存在共同的加工规律。文章从词汇识别过程讨论了这些结果的理论含义。     

民警社交媒体自我呈现对工作满意度的影响—积极情绪的中介作用

为探讨民警在社交媒体中自我呈现策略与工作满意度的关系,以及积极情绪的中介作用,采用积极情感消极情感量表、工作满意度量表以及自我呈现问卷对242名民警进行问卷调查,结果表明：（1）民警在社交媒体中的积极自我呈现和真实自我呈现分别与积极情绪、工作满意度两两之间显著正相关,积极自我呈现与积极情绪、工作满意度的相关性更高;（2）民警在社交媒体中的积极自我呈现和真实自我呈现对工作满意度有正向预测作用,并通过积极情绪的中介作用对工作满意度产生影响。     

干扰刺激类型对内隐记忆提取干扰的调节

为了探讨内隐记忆提取干扰效应是否敏于注意资源的变化,该实验沿用前期经典的“学习-测验”范式,通过在提取阶段同时设置两种不同刺激类型的干扰任务:箭头干扰和汉字干扰,以此来探讨内隐记忆提取干扰效应的本质所在。结果发现,不同提取干扰条件对内隐记忆产生不同程度的影响,汉字干扰对内隐记忆的影响比箭头产生的干扰更大。结果表明,干扰刺激类型会调节内隐记忆提取干扰效应的大小,证实内隐记忆提取干扰敏于注意资源的变化。     

Observing emotion in infants: facial expression,body behavior,and rater judgments of responses to an expectancy-violating event

Eleven-month-old European-American, Japanese, and Chinese infants (ns = 23, 21, and 15, respectively) were videotaped during baseline and stimulus episodes of a covert toy-switch procedure. Infants looked longer at the object during the expectancy-violating event (stimulus episode) but did not produce more surprise-related facial expressions. American and Japanese infants produced more bodily stilling during stimulus than baseline, and American infants also produced more facial sobering. Naive raters viewing both episodes could correctly identify the expectancy-violating event. Rater judgments of surprise were significantly related to infants' bodily stilling and facial sobering. Judgments of interest were related to cessation of fussing. Thus, observer judgments of infant emotions can be systematically related to behaviors other than prototypic emotional facial expressions.     

Beurteilerübereinstimmung von Psychotherapie-Gutachtern

The access to outpatient psychotherapy in Germany is regulated by an application and expert opinion procedure in a peer-review system. In an external assessment procedure, the application of each patient is considered concerning the existence of a mental disorder, a positive prognosis as well as the adequacy of the chosen therapy rationale. The present paper examines the reliability of this procedure by reanalysing the data from three studies on interrater agreement in the expert opinions about psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy, behaviour therapy or child and youth behaviour therapy. In the study of Rudolf et al. (2002) 48 experts re-examined two already assessed cases, in the studies of Sulz et al. (2003) as well as Sulz and Peterander (2004) each of 30 and respectively 7 experts had judged five non selected or seven selected applications. The interrater agreement was calculated using the kappa coefficient by Fleiss for the agreement among many raters, which tests the observed agreement probability against the expected agreement probability that would occur by chance. The level of agreement among the experts differs between 46% and 70%. With the chosen method it is mostly not possible to show that there is a significant higher agreement than by chance. The generalizability of the results to the usual assessment procedure is discussed as well as their potential for the advancement of the application procedure and expert peer-review system.     

重建儒教的危险、必要及其中行路线

将儒家视为西方意义上的宗教,并且试图去建立儒教团体,会对儒家的事业带来危险。然而,在今天的文化形势下,又的确需要重建原本意义上的儒教,也就是依照儒家或儒教的“人间生活化”和“亲子源头性”的特点,来建构儒教。所以,在使儒家复活的现实努力中,只走上行路线(进入政治主流)和下行路线(进入民间)是困难的或不够的,还需要考虑中行路线,即建立儒家特区,在文化多样的格局中让儒家的天然活力得以复苏。     

论医疗侵权诉讼中的举证责任倒置规则

医患关系的紧张再次引起了人们对医疗侵权诉讼中举证责任倒置这一规则的关注。在对有关基本知识和人们争议焦点的分析之后,提出了应该在准确理解医疗侵权诉讼中举证责任倒置的适用条件和内容的基础上,结合这一规则设置的目的在当事人之间合理地进行举证责任的分配。     

动态视觉加工与儿童汉字阅读

使用视觉阈限测验、图片命名、字形相似性判断实验和语音意识等测验 ,考察了小学五年级儿童视觉加工技能与汉字阅读之间的关系。结果发现 :动态视觉加工与图片命名错误率、字形判断反应时和错误率、语音意识均有显著相关 ,静态视觉加工只与图片命名错误率相关显著 ;控制识字量后的偏相关分析显示 ,动态视觉加工与其他变量的相关关系不变 ,静态视觉加工与图片命名错误率的相关不再显著 ;回归分析发现动态视觉加工在识字量和语音意识的影响控制后 ,能够分别解释阅读流畅性、字形判断反应时和图片命名错误率 7%、2 5 %和 5 6 %的变化 ;语音意识能够解释识字量和阅读流畅性 9%和 10 %的变化 ;对差读者的动态视觉加工和语音意识分析发现 ,儿童在这两种测验上的个体差异很大。上述结果表明 ,阅读过程受基本知觉技能影响 ,动态视觉加工作用于汉字阅读的特定过程。