儒家中观经济论

一现存经济学理论的困扰与难题 作为哲学的一个部门或分支,"经济哲学"已受到学术界愈来愈多的关注与重视.然而,何谓经济哲学?在将历史上某种思想观念纳入经济哲学的视野中加以探讨时,首先面临的是"正名"的事情.本文将经济哲学理解为对于人类经济活动以及经济思想观念所做的"哲学探讨".从这种意义上说,它应当是"经济学"所赖以成立的基础.它要追问的问题其实有两个:(1)历史上人类所从事的经济活动的本性究竟如何?(2)经济学理论的主旨与目标究竟如何?故之,经济哲学其实既可以是"经济的哲学",又可以指"经济学的哲学",这正如所谓"历史哲学"既可以是"历史的哲学"(历史的形而上学),又可以是"历史学的哲学"(历史的认识论或"史学理论")一样.对于像经济哲学这样一门部门哲学来说,对人类经济活动的哲学反思与对经济学理论的哲学反思其实是难以截然分开的.因此说,它既是对于人类经济活动的反思,同时亦是对于人类经济思想观念(经济学理论)的反思.     

Measurement of self-evaluative motives: a shopping scenario

To develop measures of consumers' self-evaluative motives of Self-verification, Self-enhancement, and Self-improvement within the context of a mall shopping environment, an initial set of 49 items was generated by conducting three focus-group sessions. These items were subsequently converted into shopping-dependent motive statements. 250 undergraduate college students responded on a 7-point scale to each statement as these related to the acquisition of recent personal shopping goods. An exploratory factor analysis yielded five factors, accounting for 57.7% of the variance, three of which corresponded to the Self-verification motive (five items), Self-enhancement motive (three items), and Self-improvement motive (six items). These 14 items, along with 9 reconstructed items, yielded 23 items retained and subjected to additional testing. In a final round of data collection, 169 college students provided data for exploratory factor analysis. 11 items were used in confirmatory factor analysis. Analysis indicated that the 11-item scale adequately captured measures of the three self-evaluative motives. However, further data reduction produced a 9-item scale with marked improvement in statistical fit over the 11-item scale.     

Averaging to minimize or eliminate regression toward the mean to measure pure experimental effects

This paper explains how regression toward the mean can contaminate diary data, making it difficult to measure the pure effects of an experimental variable over time. Using a large scale real-life database collected by AT&T, a method of measuring this mathematical artifact is advanced. It is shown to manifest very quickly as a result of a spontaneous reaction toward happenstance, with the most extreme initial values gravitating most toward the mean. Then averaging over longer and longer periods of time to define use categories is shown to dilute happenstance increasingly, and therefore progressively minimizes or eliminates regression toward the mean. Finally, regression toward the mean is very pervasive and very persistent.     

Skin conductance as an indicator of anticipated concealed knowledge

The present study investigated the effects of anticipation on skin conductance while participants were answering a set of questions which included one of concealed knowledge. Two experiments were conducted. In Exp. 1, 26 participants completed one experimental session. Each participant was asked to choose one two-digit number from 10 to 99 and was presented 19 other randomly generated two-digit numbers. The list of numbers was then presented to the participant on a computer screen, with a 60-sec. interval occurring every two questions. The participant-selected number was defined as the target question which was randomly placed within the 4th to 17th item of 20 questions stated as follows: "Is your selected number?" The participant was asked to answer "No" to all questions. The skin-conductance response to each question was measured. In Exp. 2, the experimental procedure was the same as that in Exp. 1 except each participant first answered 10 nontarget questions, then answered a target question with the participant's selected number, and then answered another 10 nontarget questions. There were a total of 21 questions. Analysis indicated participants in both experiments generated the highest mean skin conductance while answering the target questions, followed by lower amplitudes to questions prior to and after the target question. The skin-conductance response pattern can be used to identify the psychological process of anticipation of concealed information.     

聋童执行功能发展：聋童与正常儿童的比较

利用标准Dimensional Change Card Sort任务(DCCS),对76名智力正常的3~8岁聋童和78名3~5.5岁的正常儿童进行了对比测试,旨在考察聋童执行功能发展的年龄特征与发展水平。结果发现,3岁组的聋童和正常儿童在DCCS任务上的表现没有显著性差异,但正常儿童在4~4.5岁时进入一个迅速发展期,而聋童要在6岁时才有快速的发展,到7岁后才相当于正常儿童5岁的发展水平,大约滞后2年。研究认为,造成聋童执行功能发展滞后的原因主要有：（1）语言符号系统和聋童特有的符号系统之间可能存在的差异;（2）聋童可能存在计划和灵活性的缺陷;（3）聋童可能存在命名和标识策略上的困难和注意机制的缺陷。结合关于聋童心理理论发展滞后于正常儿童7年以上的报道,心理理论发展和执行功能发展在聋童身上表现出较大的不一致性。     

毛泽东与毛泽东思想的宣传

人们对毛泽东思想的学习、宣传与毛泽东本人有密切关系。在民主革命时期,毛泽东对毛泽东思想宣传有发起作用。1950年以后,从大规模普及毛泽东思想到“文化大革命”期间大力宣传毛泽东思想,都与毛泽东努力捍卫自己的思想使之在实践中不受干扰分不开。只有正确说明毛泽东怎样看待人们对自己思想的宣传和学习,才能真正完整叙述毛泽东思想及对其宣传的历史。     

从个体主义到文化主义--心理学研究范式的转向与整合

西方心理学存在两种不同的研究范式,即个体主义和文化主义。文章拟以库恩的“范式”为标准,阐述西方心理学个体主义范式到文化主义范式的演变,剖析二者的基本观点及其优势和局限。在此基础上提出两者整合的构思。     

论孟子伦理思想的务实精神

历史上孟子一直被误解为“迂远而阔于事情”。其实,孟子的思想是非常注重实际的,尤其是他的伦理主张,更强调物质生活和人们的生存环境对道德行为的影响。孟子认为贴近日常生活的道德才是正常的,他坚持从生活来理解道德,其伦理思想体现出浓郁的生活气息。     

化学概念心理表征的初步研究

化学概念表征是化学教育心理学的重要研究对象。化学概念是以命题、表象、产生式和图式等方式表征的。化学概念表征有表象优先性、丰富性、相关性、个体性、可变性等特点。学习者对化学概念理解的本质是形成恰当的心理表征,用“正确度”、“深度”和“速度”等概念,对化学概念的表征可作更为精致的描述。     

质性比较专家与新手的物理学知识结构

通过质性比较方法,本实验刻画了专家与新手在物理学欧姆定律上的知识差异,并发现,与新手相比,专家的知识结构有如下特点:(1)精致化,即拥有更多公式且生成了新公式,表示他们在知识之间形成了更多联系;(2)限制化,即添加更多恒定条件于知识中,从而产生更为明确的行动。此外,本实验在方法学上为细致描述和解释专长的实质提供了可能。