6～8岁儿童三种时间副词理解能力及策略的实验研究

采用定量与定性相结合的研究方法,对6～8岁儿童理解时间副词的能力进行了初步探查,结果表明：(1)不同年龄儿童对时间副词的理解能力不同。6岁和7岁儿童初步形成了对现在时间副词和过去时间副词的理解能力,萌发了对将来时间副词的理解能力;8岁儿童已具有了对现在时间副词和过去时间副词的理解能力,基本上具有了对将来时间副词的理解能力。(2)儿童在理解时间副词时多种策略并存。随着年龄的增长,有效策略的生成能力有了明显的提高,8岁儿童已有90％以上的人次能够使用有效策略。     

Variance ofd′ for thesame-different method

Variance estimates ofd′ are derived toward thesame-different method based on Taylor-series expansion with one and two variables. The variance estimates can be used for statistical comparison ofd′s obtained from various discrimination paradigms. Formulas and tables for estimating variance ofd′ for the method are provided. One S-PLUS program, which can produce bothd′ and variance ofd′, is also provided.     

The contribution of orthography to spoken word production: Evidence from Mandarin Chinese

A recent debate in the language production literature concerns the influence of a word’s orthographic information on spoken word production and the extent to which this influence is modulated by task context. In the present study, Mandarin Chinese participants produced sets of words that shared orthography (O+P−), phonology (O−P+), or orthography and phonology (O+P+), or were unrelated (O−P−), in the context of a reading, associative naming, or picture naming task. Shared phonology yielded facilitation effects in all three tasks, but only in the reading task was this phonological effect modulated by shared orthography. Shared orthography by itself (O+P−) revealed inhibitory effects in reading, but not in associative naming or in picture naming. These results suggest that a word’s orthography information influences spoken word production only in tasks that rely heavily on orthographic information.     

受灾情况和复原力对地震灾区中小学生创伤后应激反应的影响

进行心理援助之前,对都江堰安龙镇某九年制学校学生进行受灾情况、复原力和创伤后应激反应的测查,目的在于探讨受灾情况和复原力对中小学生创伤后应激反应的独立和交互影响,并为心理援助活动提供参考。结果表明：（1）在震后一个半月之时,该校有32%的学生出现较严重的创伤后应激反应;（2）有亲人遇难的学生在闯入、回避、警觉以及创伤后应激反应的总分上均显著高于无亲人遇难的学生;（3）复原力中的积极认知和信任两个维度对降低学生创伤后应激反应有比较大的作用;（4）复原力中的社会支持维度能够缓冲亲人遇难带来的负向影响     

Neural correlates of comprehension and production of nouns and verbs in Chinese

This paper reports a conjunction analysis between semantic relatedness judgment and semantic associate generation of Chinese nouns and verbs with concrete or abstract meanings. The results revealed a verb-specific task-independent region in LpSTG&MTG, and task-dependent activation in a left frontal region in semantic judgment and the left SMG in semantic associate production. The observation of word class effects converged on Yu, Law, Han, Zhu, and Bi (2011), but contrasted with null findings in previous reports using a lexical decision task. While word class effects in the left posterior temporal cortices have been described in previous studies of languages with rich inflectional morphology, the significance of this study lies in its demonstration of the effects in these regions in a language known to have little inflectional morphology. In other words, differential neural responses to nouns and verbs can be observed without confounding from morphosyntactic operations or contrasts between actions and objects.     

The Shedler-Westen assessment procedure (SWAP): evaluating psychometric questions about its reliability, validity, and impact of its fixed score distribution

The Shedler-Westen assessment procedure (SWAP) is a personality assessment instrument designed for use by expert clinical assessors. Critics have raised questions about its psychometrics, most notably its validity across observers and situations, the impact of its fixed score distribution on research findings, and its test-retest reliability. We review empirical data addressing its validity, emphasizing the multitrait-multimethod approach to evaluating test validity. To evaluate the hypothesis that the fixed, asymmetric score distribution artifactually inflates correlations between SWAP profiles, we conducted Monte Carlo simulations and also presented empirical data from a large patient sample. We observed a mean correlation of zero between simulated SWAP profiles, indicating that the score distribution does not impact the correlation coefficients. Empirical correlations between SWAP profiles of actual patients were small and similar to those obtained using Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) personality disorder scales that had no fixed score distributions, suggesting that the correlations were not a methodological artifact of the SWAP. We report new test-retest reliability data (median coefficient > .85) for the SWAP's trait and personality disorder dimensions. The SWAP appears to be reliable and valid. The data do not support its primary psychometric critiques.     

Latent Classes of Psychiatric Symptoms Among Chinese Children Living in Poverty

Describing co-occurring symptom patterns among children in nonwestern contexts may have important implications for how emotional and behavior problems are defined, conceptualized, studied, and ultimately prevented. A latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted on the co-occurring psychiatric symptoms of 196 Chinese children living in poverty. Child depression, anxiety, aggression, and self-esteem scores were used as indicators in the LPA. Three classes of symptoms best described the symptom presentations of children in this study. Ninety-one percent of the youth in the sample were assigned to a class without clinically significant elevations on any symptom index. Six percent fell into an externalizing class, and 3% were assigned to a class with elevated internalizing symptoms. The three classes met empirical criteria for distinctiveness and were validated against parent- and child-rated family characteristics and resources. Children in the externalizing class were more likely to experience harsh and neglectful parenting and their parents were more likely to report avoidant coping styles. In addition to some parenting behaviors (overprotection and low parental support), internalizing symptoms were uniquely associated with low levels of education, housing, economic, and social resources. Implications for preventive interventions are discussed.     

Individual differences in false memory from misinformation: Cognitive factors

This research investigated the cognitive correlates of false memories that are induced by the misinformation paradigm. A large sample of Chinese college students (N=436) participated in a misinformation procedure and also took a battery of cognitive tests. Results revealed sizable and systematic individual differences in false memory arising from exposure to misinformation. False memories were significantly and negatively correlated with measures of intelligence (measured with Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), perception (Motor-Free Visual Perception Test, Change Blindness, and Tone Discrimination), memory (Wechsler Memory Scales and 2-back Working Memory tasks), and face judgement (Face Recognition and Facial Expression Recognition). These findings suggest that people with relatively low intelligence and poor perceptual abilities might be more susceptible to the misinformation effect.     

潜变量交互效应模型标准化估计中的检验问题

讨论了潜变量交互效应模型是否能直接用统计软件输出的原始估计的t值对模型的标准化估计进行检验的问题,详细介绍了标准化估计的t值计算及其难点,用Bootstrap方法算出标准化估计的标准误和相应的t值（记为t_bs）,并将其与原始估计的t值比较.结果发现,当原始估计t值超过3时,无论用t值还是用t_ bs检验,结果都是显著,即可以使用t值进行检验.而当t值不超过3时,与t_bs很接近,也可以用t值检验,但t值在临界值附近（例如1.5 ～2.5）时,最好还是使用Bootstrap法计算t_bs进行检验.     

Dissociation and association of the embodied representation of tool-use verbs and hand verbs: An fMRI study

Embodied semantic theories suppose that representation of word meaning and actual sensory-motor processing are implemented in overlapping systems. According to this view, association and dissociation of different word meaning should correspond to dissociation and association of the described sensory-motor processing. Previous studies demonstrate that although tool-use actions and hand actions have overlapping neural substrates, tool-use actions show greater activations in frontal–parietal–temporal regions that are responsible for motor control and tool knowledge processing. In the present study, we examined the association and the dissociation of the semantic representation of tool-use verbs and hand action verbs. Chinese verbs describing tool-use or hand actions without tools were included, and a passive reading task was employed. All verb conditions showed common activations in areas of left middle frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44/45) and left inferior parietal lobule relative to rest, and all conditions showed significant effects in premotor areas within the mask of hand motion effects. Contrasts between tool-use verbs and hand verbs demonstrated that tool verbs elicited stronger activity in left superior parietal lobule, left middle frontal gyrus and left posterior middle temporal gyrus. Additionally, psychophysiological interaction analyses demonstrated that tool verbs indicated greater connectivity among these regions. These results suggest that the brain regions involved in tool-use action processing also play more important roles in tool-use verb processing and that similar systems may be responsible for word meaning representation and actual sensory-motor processing.