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合作学习是应对信息时代学习困境的有效途径。研究一探索了合作学习群体中是否存在集体智慧,研究二比较了互动小组和名义小组在创新观点产生任务中的表现,研究三考察了合作学习小组在群体决策中的表现及其成员的观点和主观自信的影响。研究表明:在长期合作学习小组的多重任务表现中存在代表群体整体一般能力的C因素,即存在集体智慧;在创新观点的产生中,社会影响不利于集体智慧发挥作用;在困难问题解决的判断与决策中,集体智慧发挥的作用更明显,较不会受到个别成员的主观自信、实力和多数人意见左右。建议在合作学习等群体活动中通过策略选择和规则设置促进集体智慧发挥作用。 相似文献
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The cerebellum in maintenance of a motor skill: a hierarchy of brain and spinal cord plasticity underlies H-reflex conditioning
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Operant conditioning of the H-reflex, the electrical analog of the spinal stretch reflex, is a simple model of skill acquisition and involves plasticity in the spinal cord. Previous work showed that the cerebellum is essential for down-conditioning the H-reflex. This study asks whether the cerebellum is also essential for maintaining down-conditioning. After rats decreased the soleus H-reflex over 50 d in response to the down-conditioning protocol, the cerebellar output nuclei dentate and interpositus (DIN) were ablated, and down-conditioning continued for 50-100 more days. In naive (i.e., unconditioned) rats, DIN ablation itself has no significant long-term effect on H-reflex size. During down-conditioning prior to DIN ablation, eight Sprague-Dawley rats decreased the H-reflex to 57% (+/-4 SEM) of control. It rose after ablation, stabilizing within 2 d at about 75% and remaining there until approximately 40 d after ablation. It then rose to approximately 130%, where it remained through the end of study 100 d after ablation. Thus, DIN ablation in down-conditioned rats caused an immediate increase and a delayed increase in the H-reflex. The final result was an H-reflex significantly larger than that prior to down-conditioning. Combined with previous work, these remarkable results suggest that the spinal cord plasticity directly responsible for down-conditioning, which survives only 5-10 d on its own, is maintained by supraspinal plasticity that survives approximately 40 d after loss of cerebellar output. Thus, H-reflex conditioning seems to depend on a hierarchy of brain and spinal cord plasticity to which the cerebellum makes an essential contribution. 相似文献
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Since the late 1990s, the Korean pop-culture wave has had a huge impact, achieving immense popularity and sustaining a global community of consumers and fans. In Singapore, a significant K-pop fan culture has emerged among youths. In this article, we study the emergence of the sasaeng fan—a stigmatized fan identity that refers to individuals who are unhealthily interested in the personal lives of K-pop idols. Drawing on data from mass and social media, participant-observation, and interviews, we map the significance of the sasaeng fan identity for Singapore K-pop music fans and focus specific attention on how fans negotiate an understanding of their own “authentic” identities vis-à-vis the mediated identity of the sasaeng fan. 相似文献
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颞叶梗塞致学习记忆障碍的机制研究──微透析分析与超微结构观察 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
应用光化学的方法建立了颞叶梗塞性学习记忆障碍动物模型。海马区神经介质类氨基酸的变化用微透析技术进行活体动态观测、超微结构改变用TEM电镜观察,并同时观察光镜下的神经细胞变化及鼠的学习记忆障碍。结果发现:(1)颞叶梗塞性痴呆鼠其海马区有大量兴奋性和抑制性氨基酸释放;(2)痴呆鼠海马区神经突触有大量囊泡聚集,晚期大小不均;(3)痴呆鼠脑新皮层及海马锥体细胞均有选择性坏死;(4)氨基酸的释放量与选择性神经细胞损伤及学习记忆障碍有关。 相似文献
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In educational and psychological measurement when short test forms are used, the asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator of the person parameter of item response models does not hold. As a result, hypothesis tests or confidence intervals of the person parameter based on the normal distribution are likely to be problematic. Inferences based on the exact distribution, on the other hand, do not suffer from this limitation. However, the computation involved for the exact distribution approach is often prohibitively expensive. In this paper, we propose a general framework for constructing hypothesis tests and confidence intervals for IRT models within the exponential family based on exact distribution. In addition, an efficient branch and bound algorithm for calculating the exact p value is introduced. The type-I error rate and statistical power of the proposed exact test as well as the coverage rate and the lengths of the associated confidence interval are examined through a simulation. We also demonstrate its practical use by analyzing three real data sets. 相似文献
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Rebecca Garden Xiaoxiao Hu Yujie Zhan Xiang Yao 《Journal of business and psychology》2018,33(2):297-310
Purpose
This study examines agreeableness and work knowledge as predictors of employees’ popularity above and beyond core self-evaluation (CSE), and the moderating role of these constructs on the CSE–popularity relationship. We also investigate popularity’s effects on supervisor-rated task performance and promotion potential, and the conditional indirect effects of CSE on these outcomes via popularity.Design/Methodology/Approach
Multi-source data were collected from 213 employees, their coworkers, and direct supervisors in a Chinese mine trading company.Findings
Agreeableness predicted popularity above and beyond CSE and moderated the CSE–popularity relationship, although the direct and moderating effects of work knowledge were nonsignificant. Popularity positively influenced performance ratings but not promotion potential. Results also supported conditional indirect effects of CSE on performance ratings via popularity.Implications
The current findings underscore the importance of examining workplace popularity. Discovering agreeableness as an additional predictor of popularity and its moderation effects on the CSE–popularity link suggests that communal qualities are important for employees’ attainment of popularity. The discussion also focuses on expanding the scope of workplace popularity to include performance-related outcomes. Lastly, this study considers how employee characteristics connect to performance ratings through popularity.Originality/Value
Workplace popularity is relatively unexplored but has tremendous organizational implications. This research advances the understanding of how to attain workplace popularity and the boundary conditions for the relationship between CSE and popularity. It also extends consequences associated with workplace popularity beyond interpersonal outcomes and assesses the role of popularity, a construct rooted in collective perception, in explaining links between employee characteristics and performance-related outcomes.130.