The wisdom of the crowd in combinatorial problems

The "wisdom of the crowd" phenomenon refers to the finding that the aggregate of a set of proposed solutions from a group of individuals performs better than the majority of individual solutions. Most often, wisdom of the crowd effects have been investigated for problems that require single numerical estimates. We investigate whether the effect can also be observed for problems where the answer requires the coordination of multiple pieces of information. We focus on combinatorial problems such as the planar Euclidean traveling salesperson problem, minimum spanning tree problem, and a spanning tree memory task. We develop aggregation methods that combine common solution fragments into a global solution and demonstrate that these aggregate solutions outperform the majority of individual solutions. These case studies suggest that the wisdom of the crowd phenomenon might be broadly applicable to problem-solving and decision-making situations that go beyond the estimation of single numbers.     

人学的自觉与哲学研究范式的转换——读《马克思主义人学与当代中国》丛书

<正>如何评价改革开放以来中国哲学的发展,特别是马克思主义哲学研究的创新,一直是学术界争论的问题。至今还有人认为,在市场经济的大潮中,中国的哲学研究更加"边缘化",没有取得太多的进展。我个人则一直倾向于认为,改革开放以来,中国的哲学研究取得了很大的进展,并且这一发展     

医疗改革的公众参与问题研究

公众参与有助于增强医疗改革政策制定的透明度和有效性;但如何使公众能真正参与并影响医疗改革是亟需解决的难题.回顾国外卫生政策制定过程中公众参与的实践经验;发现我国医疗改革公众参与需要从协商监督机制建构、直接参与度设计以及价值观建构三方面开展.     

Working memory modulates the perception of time

Recent research has indicated that reentrant feedback from the contents of working memory can enhance neural representations and the perceptual strengths of matching stimuli in the visual field. However, whether the contents of working memory can also distort conscious experiences of perception remains unclear. Our present results show that the durations of perceptual stimuli matching the nontemporal representations in working memory tend to be perceived as longer than those of mismatching stimuli. This is the first demonstration that working memory can lead to distortions of time perception. Our findings are consistent with the ideas that the perceived duration of a stimulus depends on the magnitude of the neural responses to that stimulus in visual cortex and that there is a common system for representing both temporal and nontemporal magnitudes. We conclude that top-down modulation from the nontemporal contents of working memory distorts the perceptual experience of temporal duration.     

触觉的情绪功能及其神经生理机制

触觉是个体探知外部世界的重要感觉通道,其情绪功能在维系社会联结、促进人际沟通等方面具有重要作用。触觉的情绪功能一方面表现为通过触觉动作本身直接传递情绪信息,另一方面则是通过增强注意和锐化社会评价的方式促进个体对跨通道情绪信息的加工。神经生理学研究发现,触觉情绪信息由无髓鞘C纤维介导,经脊髓丘脑束通路投射于岛叶(头面部触觉情绪信息的传导路径尚不明确),并在杏仁核、内侧前额叶、后颞上沟等"社会脑"网络的核心区域被精细加工。未来还应对触觉情绪的人际依赖性、文化独特性、操作标准化,及其在神经水平上与感觉-辨识系统间的关联性与独立性做深入探究。     

斯多亚学派伦理学:灵魂的治疗术

斯多亚学派认为人的激情如悲伤、恐惧、欲望、快乐是一种心灵的剧烈运动,是超越理性的冲动,因而是灵魂疾病.真正好(善)的东西是德性,德性是幸福本身,是有用的.人是自然的一部分.人要拥有德性,就必须运用自己的理性,合乎自然而生活.只有顺从自然的必然性,人的灵魂才能因此宁静而健康.     

General,Work-Specific,and Work-Role Conscientiousness Measures in Predicting Work Criteria: A Comparative Perspective

The current study compared general, work-specific, and work-role measures of conscientiousness as predictors of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, job engagement, and task performance. As expected, work-role conscientiousness yielded stronger relationships with five of the ten work-related criteria than general conscientiousness, and with six of the ten criteria than work-specific conscientiousness. More importantly, work-role conscientiousness displayed incremental validity in predicting nearly all work-related criteria, when controlling for general and work-specific conscientiousness alone or in combination. It is also worth noting that six of ten analyses found that work-role conscientiousness demonstrated greater relative importance compared to its counterparts. Finally, we found that the context in which the items were completed moderated the relationships between work-role conscientiousness and two work-related criteria (i.e., job satisfaction and organizational commitment). Together, these results suggest that researchers should consider the work-role measure of conscientiousness in the prediction of work criteria.     

WHAT PREDICTS THE OWN-AGE BIAS IN FACE RECOGNITION MEMORY?

Younger and older adults' visual scan patterns were examined as they passively viewed younger and older neutral faces. Both participant age groups tended to look longer at their own-age as compared to other-age faces. In addition, both age groups reported more exposure to own-age than other-age individuals. Importantly, the own-age bias in visual inspection of faces and the own-age bias in self-reported amount of exposure to young and older individuals in everyday life, but not explicit age stereotypes and implicit age associations, significantly and independently predicted the own-age bias in later old/new face recognition. We suggest these findings reflect increased personal and social relevance of, and more accessible and elaborated schemas for, own-age than other-age faces.     

当代新兴人类增强技术的“激进主义”与“保守主义”:理论主张及论争启示

以物理增强、认知增强、道德增强、情感增强为主的当代新兴人类增强技术(H ET)对人的深度“干预”使“人”陷入“深度技术化”状态从而引发了激烈论争,形成了“激进主义”与“保守主义”两大对立阵营。双方论争焦点主要集中在:关于什么是“人”的形而上学问题;认知进化与退化、道德工具化与趋同化、情感真实性与同质化等人的社会属性问题;自主性与自主权、公平与公正、健康与安全等增强技术使用问题。双方论争角度呈现出多样性特征,且各自在自身的理论框架下具有一定程度的合理性。论争双方的对立,有的是利益分歧,有的是价值或文化冲突,达成共识的可能性较低,理想的状态应该是两者之间如何取得均衡,保持“必要的张力”,共同推动新兴人类增强技术的健康良性发展。