儿童朴素物理学的错误概念及影响概念转换的因素

建构主义的学习观认为,新知识的学习总是建立在旧知识的基础上,新旧知识经验进行双向交流。儿童在日常生活中形成的自发概念是科学学习的重要基础,而其中与基本科学理论不一致的错误概念阻碍了学习过程。该文概述了儿童朴素物理学的错误概念研究,探讨自发概念的结构及其争论,并总结了影响概念转换的重要因素,包括认知冲突感,元认知和动机因素,认识论信念因素等     

人格与智力：一种交互作用的模型

该文在考察人格与智力的概念本质及其相互关系的基础上,指出了人格与智力之间可能包含的四层关系,Chamorro和Furnham（2004）提出的人格—智力关系的交互作用模型正是通过详细分析这些关系构建起来的理论模型。该模型以人格特质为中心,将主观评估智力（SAI）作为人格与IQ测试成绩之间的中介变量,深入阐述了大五人格特质与流体智力、晶体智力、主观评估智力、IQ测试成绩及其与认知操作之间的交互作用,为理解人格与智力的关系提供了一种新思路     

道家琴曲略论

"目送归鸿,手挥五弦.俯仰自得,游心太玄."嵇康的这首诗将琴与道的关系形容得淋漓尽致.琴,今称"古琴",又谓七弦琴,是中国最古老的弹拨乐器,也是最具文化底蕴、审美情趣、民族精神与道德风范的传统乐器.     

Gray matter density negatively correlates with duration of heroin use in young lifetime heroin-dependent individuals

Numerous studies have documented cognitive impairments and hypoactivity in the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in drug users. However, the relationships between opiate dependence and brain structure changes in heroin users are largely unknown. In the present study, we measured the density of gray matter (DGM) with voxel-based morphometry in 30 lifetime heroin-dependent individuals who had abstained from drug use for 5 months, and 34 healthy participants. The DGM of the prefrontal, temporal and cingulate cortices significantly decreased in heroin addicts relative to the healthy group. Critically, partial correlation analysis, which controlled for age, education and gender factors as well as nicotine use and heroin abstinence duration, showed that the duration of heroin use negatively correlated with the DGM in heroin-dependent individuals. These results provide compelling evidence for structural abnormality in heroin-dependent individuals and further suggest that duration of heroin use is a critical factor leading to brain damage.     

Development of the Real-Time Subjective Emotionality Assessment (RTSEA) system

A new Real-Time Subjective Emotionality Assessment (RTSEA) system was developed for this study. The system is composed of two parts: an emotionality input and evaluation parts. An experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effectiveness of the RTSEA system. The present study compared Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) with the RTSEA by presenting 28 subjects with pictures that aroused either positive or negative emotion. Following the experiment, a subjective assessment using a questionnaire was given to the same subjects. According to the correlation coefficients, changes of the RTSEA had strong correlations with the changes of the GSR. Also, the questionnaire results showed marked similarity to the average responses of the RTSEA. In conclusion, the most remarkable characteristic of the present system is that it not only assesses the average emotionality when stimuli are presented, but also shows the trend of change in emotionality over time.     

Development of a magnetic-resonance-compatible photoplethysmograph amplifier for behavioral and emotional studies

The purpose of the present study was to develop a magnetic resonance (MR) compatible photoplethysmograph (PPG) system that can measure the raw PPG signal during MR image acquisition. The system consists of an optic sensor that measures the optic signal, an optic cable that transmits a near-infrared optic signal, a signal amplifier, and a filter for noise removal. To minimize interactive noise, only the optic cable and the optic sensor module are located inside the MR room; the signal amplifier and filter are located outside the MR room. An experiment verified that a reliable PPG signal can be obtained without causing a deterioration in the MR image.     

荀子荣辱思想探析

荣辱思想是荀子思想的重要组成部分.在中国伦理思想史上,荀子继承和发展了孔孟的知耻思想,第一次对荣辱问题进行了全面系统的论述.他界定了荣辱的内涵,区分了荣辱的层次,明确了荣辱的实质,探讨了荣辱的价值,并进一步探索了荣辱的养成.研究苟子的荣辱思想,对于我们进一步继承和弘扬中国传统文化中关于荣辱思想的精华、进一步学习和践行社会主义荣辱现有着重要的理论意义和现实价值.     

海洛因成瘾者的脑灰质密度下降

本研究对海洛因成瘾者（n=34）和无毒品依赖的正常被试（n=34）进行磁共振脑结构扫描,用基于体素的形态学测量（VBM）方法分析被试间灰质密度的差异,并考察了海洛因成瘾者用药时间与灰质密度之间的关系。结果表明,同正常对照组相比,海洛因成瘾者其额叶和颞叶下部的灰质密度显著下降。进一步分析显示,用药时间短于5年的成瘾者其灰质密度下降不明显,而用药时间5年以上的患者其灰质密度下降非常显著。本文讨论了上述结果的潜在临床价值和理论意义。     

念珠菌腹膜炎：防患于未然

念珠菌腹膜炎多见于继发性腹膜炎、第三型腹膜炎,早期诊断较为困难,易漏诊,病死率高。念珠菌黏膜定植和宿主天然屏障破坏易使患者感染念珠菌,而外科手术是导致念珠菌腹膜炎的最主要危险因素之一。术中获取腹水标本念珠菌培养阳性或腹腔组织样本病理学检查确诊仍被认为是诊断的“金标准”。抗原、抗体相关检测方法可以弥补常规诊断方法的缺点与...     

慈善组织、政府与市场

尽管在中国历史上,有慈善的思想,在近代,随着西方传教士的出现,出现了慈善机构.但是有现代特征的慈善机构,包含综合了中西方文化精髓和管理方式的慈善机构,却是近些年的事情.本文试图搞清慈善组织的独特的作用与特征,理顺慈善机构和其他方面发展的相互作用和关系.利用西方的经验与理论,特别是英国的例子,来帮助阐述中国的慈善组织.