教师组织公民行为与学校效能的关系研究

采用自编教师组织公民行为问卷和我国台湾学者陈信君编制的学校效能问卷,对301名中小学教师进行问卷调查。结果表明：①高级职称教师的组织公民行为高于低级职称教师;②省一级学校教师的组织公民行为高于市一级学校教师,而市一级学校教师的组织公民行为高于区一级学校教师;③教师组织公民行为与学校效能之间存在着显著的正相关;④教师组织公民行为的学校认同、责任意识和利他行为因素对学校效能有着显著的预测作用。     

基于认知诊断的被试类比推理测验行为分析

本文在构建被试解题路径模型的基础上,应用多策略多成分潜在特质模型研究被试类比推理测验的行为,精细地分析了被试在类比推理过程中所使用的策略、分析了影响被试类比推理测验策略选择的因素、估计了被试在类比推理测验中所表现的各种能力.     

心理学实验研究的效果大小

从"心理学实验数据处理"的角度,我们可以把"效果大小"理解为"是指在心理学实验报告中反映‘自变量’对‘因变量’所产生的影响有多大的统计指标"。这一统计指标需要在掌握"虚无假设分布"和"备择假设分布"这两个抽样分布原理的基础上才能得以准确的理解,并因此知道我们在"对心理学实验数据处理过程中通过假设检验进行推断统计"之后报告研究结果时为什么需要使用这一指标。心理学实验数据处理过程中使用不同的检验方法具有与该方法相应的不同的效果大小指标,每一种检验方法也可以使用不同的指标来反映其实验处理的效果大小。对此,就"心理统计学"提到的四种主要假设检验方法所得推断结果应该使用何种"效果大小"指标更为合适提出了我们的建议。     

Neural changes in the ventral and dorsal visual streams during pattern recognition learning

The learning process related to pattern and object recognition is difficult to study because the human brain has a remarkable capacity to recognise complex visual forms from early infancy. In the present study, we investigated on-going neural changes underlying the learning process of visual pattern recognition by means of a device substituting audition for vision. Functional MRI evidenced the gradual pattern recognition-induced recruitment of the ventral visual stream, bilaterally, from learning session 1 to session 3, and a slight decrease in these activation foci from session 3 to session 4. The initial increase in activation is thought to reflect the gradually enhanced visualisation of patterns in the subjects' mind across sessions. By contrast the subsequent decrease reported at the end of the training period is interpreted as the progressive optimisation of neuronal responses elicited by the task. Our results, in accordance with previous observations, suggest that the succession of activation increase and decrease in sensori-motor areas could be a general rule in sensory and sensori-motor learning.     

Cognitive factors associated with depression and anxiety in adolescents: A two-year longitudinal study

Background/Objective: To examine the roles of anxiety sensitivity and attentional bias in the development of anxiety and depression symptoms among adolescents. Method: 214 grade 7 to grade 10 Hong Kong Chinese students completed a package of psychometric inventories to measure levels of anxiety sensitivity, selective attentional processing, and anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2016 and then again in 2017. Results: Girls, when compared with boys, exhibited more anxiety symptoms and anxiety sensitivity in 2016. They also reported a significant increase in mean depression level from 2016 to 2017. Regression analyses revealed that the physical-concerns dimension of anxiety sensitivity, positive attentional bias, and to a lesser extent negative attentional bias were related to the development of both anxiety and depression symptoms one year later. Fear of mental incapacity could predict depression one year later but not anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Intervention through anxiety sensitivity training to reduce somatic concerns and attentional bias modification to increase habitual attention to positive stimuli and to disengage from negative stimuli can reduce anxiety and depression symptoms among high school students.     

不同复原类型贫困大学生人格的差异分析

心理复原力是指个体从困境或生活威胁性情境中维持身心功能健康的能力。为探讨不同复原类型中影响贫困大学生心理复原力的人格差异,该研究使用卡特尔16种个性因素测验、大学生心理复原量表对1658名贫困大学生进行随机调查。结果表明:1)贫困大学生具有较强的心理复原力,性别、年级的主效应及其交互效应不显著;2)贫困大学生的心理复原力可分为复原强型、中间型和弱型3类;3)在不同复原类型组贫困大学生中,预测心理复原力的特质和次级人格因子有所不同。心理复原的个体差异部分来自人格。     

信息载体对初一学生认知负荷与态度偏好的影响

使用认知负荷量表和态度偏好问卷,以相同文章为材料,探究初一学生基于不同信息载体(纸质、电脑、电子阅读器)的认知负荷和态度偏好的差异。结果显示:(1)纸质阅读组的认知负荷大于电脑组和电子阅读器组;(2)电脑组和电子阅读器组的认知负荷和态度偏好均不存在显著差异;(3)被试基于特定载体的认知负荷和态度偏好呈现显著的负相关。所有结果均表明:初一年级的学生更加喜欢进行电子阅读。因此,在现实教学中不必只使用纸质材料,还可适当使用电子阅读。