科学发现的真正方法

一般情况下,很多人误认为作为科学常用的数学逻辑方法就是科学发现的方法,作者通过列举了归纳法和演绎法的不足,指出它们的错误,提出科学发现的真正方法应该是怀疑论和逆推论。认为科学家要像一位神秘的侦探,充分发挥自己的想象力和创造力,不断地进行质疑和反思;持有怀疑态度的想象是创造力的源泉;他们不应该迷信任何人,而应该大胆怀疑,敢于创新。他还从科学史角度列举了很多科学发现的事例,无不说明批判性的创造性思维的重要性。科学家并不是坐在实验室里对乌鸦的颜色、太阳明天升起、每天都将喂养火鸡等进行归纳概括。——伯顿·S·格特…     

形而上学的“生产”观念与生产辩证法——论鲍德里亚对马克思“生产”理论的批判及其误读

本文通过批判鲍德里亚对马克思的"生产主义"的批判,明确了鲍德里亚对"生产"的界定,即一种以观念来推导现实的形而上学思维方式.基于对这种"生产"观念的批判,本文分析了鲍德里亚误读了马克思哲学中的劳动、价值以及辩证法等诸多概念的根源:即忽视了生产辩证法对社会现实的切入,从而将马克思归入旧形而上学的藩篱.     

俄国民粹主义的人民主体论再分析

本文通过民粹派人民观的研究,分析了民粹主义把农民当作历史主体的原因在于俄国历史上农民具有革命精神和当时低下的工人阶级发展的状况,评述了民粹主义关于农民主体性思想的合理性.     

赵朴初是中国佛教现代化历程的开拓者

来自印度的佛教经过禅宗六祖慧能的革命,实现了由“佛本”到“人本”的变革,宣告了佛教中国化历程的完成。到近代,太虚大师等人致力于佛教改良运动,使中国佛教实现了由“人本”到“人生”的变革,完成了中国佛教近代化的转型。至现代,赵朴初提出了建立“人间佛教”的理念。他的“人间佛教”弘扬了去恶行善、平等慈悲的人文精神,强调了普渡众生、利乐有情的利他精神,凸显了庄严国土、净化人间的实践精神,高扬了“爱国爱教”、“护国利民”的爱国精神,体现了与时俱进、适应潮流的时代精神,完成了统一中国佛教发展方向的历史使命。     

错误归因范式中情绪启动特点研究

归因错误在日常生活中是一种常见现象,本研究基于AMP范式,利用情绪启动刺激,通过两个实验探讨了阈上和阈下情绪启动特点.实验结果显示:(1)AMP范式下,存在阈上、阈下情绪启动效应;(2)AMP阈上启动时,汉语词、普通图片、面孔图片均有显著的情绪启动效应,即启动物的情绪色彩对中性目标物的评价有显著影响,被试有将中性模糊刺激赋予和启动物相同的情绪效价色彩的倾向;(3)阈上100ms、1500ms、5000ms三种SOA水平上,启动物效价作用均显著,说明AMP范式下,启动物效价作用能持续至少5s;(4)AMP阈下启动时,效价的简单效应仅在SOA为60ms时显著,即说明阈下情绪启动效应在较短的SOA内易出现,随着SOA的延长情绪启动效应衰退.     

大学生心理需求及其满足与网络成瘾的关系

以武汉地区1183名大学生为被试,通过问卷调查探讨大学生心理需求程度及其在现实和网络中的满足程度与网络成瘾的关系。结果表明：与非网络成瘾大学生相比,网络成瘾大学生的心理需求的网络满足更多而现实满足更低,但两组大学生的心理需求程度并无明显差异;网络成瘾大学生的心理需求与网络满足的相关高于与现实满足的相关,但非成瘾大学生不存在这种差异;心理需求现实满足高但网络满足低的大学生网络成瘾的比率最低,而心理需求现实满足低网络满足高的大学生网络成瘾的比率最高。     

司法论证型式的修辞研究

司法论证型式是面向司法领域系统研究演绎推论和归纳推论在该领域的作用机理,以及逻辑因素与非逻辑因素的相互作用机理。司法论证型式的修辞研究体现在语用有效性、批判性与策略问题之三大相互联系的层面。司法论证型式的＂语用有效性＂更多地通过＂批判性问题＂得以＂展示＂。在司法环境的具体应用领域,司法论证型式的＂批判性问题＂被转化为各当事人如何运用＂策略＂的问题,是面向司法领域系统研究语言策略（适切的修辞方法）和可接受的司法论证型式群的相互作用机理。如此系统性研究才能刻画论证者与听众的非特设性常识关系,彰显＂语境迟钝＂到＂语境敏感＂法律方法论互动的意义。     

Interpersonal self‐support and attentional bias on negative and positive interpersonal information

Interpersonal self‐support is an indigenous Chinese personality concept. It represents the idealized notion of the kind of personality traits that help individuals deal with interpersonal problems and develop and maintain the harmonic and appropriate social relationships required in China's collectivistic and interdependent culture. It also was assumed to be a protective personality factor with regard to mental health and was found to be negatively related to psychosomatic symptoms. In the current study, cognitive processing of interpersonal information is assumed to be an underlying mechanism that connects interpersonal self‐support with interpersonal relationships and mental health. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two experiments to investigate whether attentional bias on positive and negative interpersonal information was related to high and low interpersonal self‐support. A spatial cueing task and the emotional Stroop task were administered to two samples of high and low interpersonal self‐support Chinese undergraduate students to measure attentional bias. The results from both experiments suggested that high interpersonal self‐support students had an attentional bias toward positive interpersonal information, while low interpersonal self‐support students preferentially attended to negative interpersonal information. Study 1 indicated that attentional bias toward positive interpersonal information was easily engaged in the high interpersonal self‐support group, while attentional bias toward negative interpersonal information was both easy to engage and difficult to disengage in the low interpersonal self‐support students. These results support our hypotheses that high interpersonal self‐support people engage in positive processing of interpersonal information, whereas low interpersonal self‐support people engage in negative processing of interpersonal information. The differential balance between positive and negative processing on interpersonal information may explain why interpersonal self‐support predicts both mental health and interpersonal relationships. In addition, the relational schema may explain why interpersonal self‐support is associated with an attentional bias toward interpersonal information.     

Sample Size Calculation for Estimating or Testing a Nonzero Squared Multiple Correlation Coefficient

The problems of hypothesis testing and interval estimation of the squared multiple correlation coefficient of a multivariate normal distribution are considered. It is shown that available one-sided tests are uniformly most powerful, and the one-sided confidence intervals are uniformly most accurate. An exact method of calculating sample size to carry out one-sided tests (null hypothesis may involve a nonzero value for the multiple correlation coefficient) to attain a specified power is given. Sample size calculation for computing confidence intervals for the squared multiple correlation coefficient with a specified expected width is also provided. Sample sizes for powers and confidence intervals are tabulated for a wide range of parameter configurations and dimensions. The results are illustrated using the empirical data from Timm (1975) Timm, N. H. 1975. Multivariate analysis with applications in education and psychology, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.  [Google Scholar] that related scores from the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test to four proficiency measures.