Do 9-month-old infants expect distinct words to refer to kinds?

In 3 experiments, 9-month-old infants' expectations for what distinct count noun labels refer to were investigated. In Experiment 1, a box was opened to reveal 2 objects inside during familiarization: either 2 identical objects or 2 different objects. Test trials followed the same procedure, except before the box was opened, the contents were described using 2 distinct labels ("I see a wug! I see a dak!") or the same label twice ("I see a zav! I see a zav!"). Infants who heard a label repeated twice looked longer at 2 different objects versus 2 identical objects, whereas infants who heard 2 distinct labels showed a different pattern of looking. Experiments 2 and 3 presented infants with object pairs that only differed in shape or color, and it was found that infants expected the different-shaped (but not the different-colored) objects to be labeled by distinct count nouns. Because the property of shape is a cue to kind membership and the property of color is not, these results suggest that even at the beginning of word learning, infants may expect distinct labels to refer to distinct kinds of objects.     

儒家和谐思想义理发微

从内涵方面说,儒家和谐观注重不同因素之间良性的交互感通,相互配合,相互作用,从而使事物整体健康的发展变化;从价值基础说,儒家和谐思想立足于生命的体认与感通,认为人要通过对自我生命本质的体认,感通了悟天地万物、社会人生的生命本质,使个体生命积极的融入到群体生命、宇宙生命之中,展开的基本思路是由己及人,由内到外,从修养自身和谐做起,再推衍到人与人的和谐、社会的和谐、天地的和谐;从现代价值来说,源远流长的儒家和谐思想对当今世界有重大的启示作用。     

人类认知模式的转变——从J.A.福多到卡米洛夫-史密斯

当代科学认识论的研究,日益得到世界各地学者的关注,认知科学正在成为21世纪科学哲学研究的热点,对此我们需要从当前的研究中梳理出总体的研究进路,从中寻绎出存在的问题以及可能的研究路径。当代认知科学与人工智能研究日益深入到人类认识机制的领域。这种研究进路在哲学上就是元认识论问题,以往的哲学研究对这个问题的关注明显不够。从20世纪80年代起一些学者开始关注元认识论问题,这以美国心理学家福多心理模块理论为代表,提出人类认识的功能主义解释,到90年代英国心理学家卡米洛夫-史密斯从皮亚杰的发生认识论基础上提出一种折中的混合…     

基于认知理论的测验编制技术—项目生成

传统测验重视统计技术,不重视测量结构的心理学意义,使得它的功能局限于筛选,不能提供更多的信息。由于认知心理学理论、心理计量学以及计算机技术的发展,使得基于认知理论指导下的项目生成技术逐渐成熟。该文从项目生成的概念、方法,及研究的意义和难点等方面对项目生成技术作了一个简要述评,以期推进我国认知心理学与心理测量学相结合的研究工作。     

江右思想家王时槐考述

在阳明学的二传弟子中,王时槐是一个思想涵摄面广而又富有理论创新的思想家,而目前学术界对于塘南思想的研究还只是零星的,那种基于塘南本人学行与著述基础上的、全面而系统的加以考察的工作还未真正起步。对塘南学行实录的编撰可以展示其为学的心路历程,而对其著述较为全面的查考则更有助于材料的取舍与把握,此两者于当下学界对于塘南的思想研究极为必要。     

从近代福州基督教会看女信徒的教会地位

基督教自近代大规模传入福州以来,在西方文明理念和中国社会进步大潮的推动下采取了许多措施,使得教内女信徒的地位有所改善和提高;但由于基督教教义天然的保守性和近代中国社会改良的滞后性,女信徒的教会地位又有一定的局限。教会中真正意义上的男女平等的实现最终有赖于全社会女性地位的整体提高。     

中国北方民族萨满文化所体现的生态伦理价值观念

萨满文化产生的基础是中国北方民族传统的渔猎、游牧经济和建立在这种经济基础上的氏族社会。萨满文化因其特定的地域和鲜明的民族特色,透过神灵创世、神生万物、万物有灵的精神世界,在人和自然界间体现了相互依存、荣辱与共的和谐互动关系,蕴含着人要适应环境,以自然为本,保护自然、亲近自然的原始环保理念。     

在国际道德经论坛大会上的讲话

感谢论坛组委会给我这样一个和研究《道德经》的海内外学者与高道见面的机会;感谢大会主持人又让我发言,使我有一个能更好地向大家学习的机会。     

道德金律的内涵本质及其当代意义

对"己所不欲,勿施于人"道德金律正反两方面的表述进行分析,指出其存在某种缺陷,肯定其已具备的道德本质精神.在当代,充分揭示和确定其内在的基本价值理念,使之转化为人们的现实基本权利并加以践履,是十分重要与必要的.     

Alteration of cingulate long-term plasticity and behavioral sensitization to inflammation by environmental enrichment

Exposure to an enriched environment (EE) has been shown to induce cortical plasticity. Considerable amount of research is focused on the effects of EE in the hippocampus; however, effects of EE on other brain regions and the mechanisms involved are not well known. To investigate this, we induced cortical plasticity by placing mice in an EE for one month and measured the effects of EE in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Here, we show that EE enhanced the expression of the plasticity gene, egr-1, in the ACC of EE animals accompanied by enhanced cingulate long-term potentiation (LTP) and decreased cingulate long-term depression (LTD). The increased NMDA receptor NR2B/NR2A subunits current ratio is associated with the plasticity seen in the ACC while total protein levels remain unchanged. Furthermore, behavioral experiments show that these mice exposed to EE demonstrate enhanced responses to acute and long-term inflammation. Our findings suggest that exposure to EE alters physiological properties within the ACC which results in enhanced responses to inflammation.