Understanding Factors Associated with Bullying and Peer Victimization in Chinese Schools Within Ecological Contexts

We review factors associated with school bullying and peer victimization in the People’s Republic of China (hereafter referred to as China) within the context of Bronfenbrenner (Am Psychol 32:513–531, 1977) ecological systems framework. Bullying and peer victimization are serious problems in Chinese schools, which calls for effective school-based bullying prevention and intervention strategies. However, understanding of this phenomenon has been limited because the majority of the empirical studies have examined individual characteristics (e.g., age, gender), and relatively few Chinese researchers have considered various contexts of the social ecology, such as cultural contexts. We first discuss the definition and prevalence, which is followed by a review of socio-demographic and ecological factors (micro-, meso-, exo-, and macrosystem) that are correlated with school bullying and peer victimization in Chinese schools. Findings from our review suggest that factors at the socio-demographic (age, gender, behavioral/mental health problems), micro- (parents, peers, and teachers), meso- (parents’ involvement in children’s school), exo- (mass media), and macrosystem (emphasis on academic achievement and collectivism vs. individualism) levels can foster or mitigate bullying and peer victimization among children and adolescents in Chinese schools. We then draw implications for assessment, practice, and policy concerning school bullying and peer victimization in China.     

镜像神经在药物心理渴求中的作用及机制

心理渴求是物质依赖者希望重新感受神经活性药物效应的渴望,其神经机制的早期影像研究,主要集中在前额皮质和奖赏中枢.镜像神经是新近发现的位于动作脑区,能理解、分析所观察动作的目的和性质,并通过内隐模拟,产生直接映射式的情绪和认知的神经.最新的研究发现尼古丁成瘾者在相关线索的刺激下,其镜像神经也能被激活.本研究旨在探索镜像神经参与相关线索下心理渴求形成的机制,为发展更可靠的依赖行为的生物学标记提供另一个重要目标,帮助人们更好地理解药物渴求形成的神经生物学基础与过程.     

睡眠的同步EEG-fMRI研究述评

同步EEG-fMRI利用了脑电和功能磁共振在时空分辨率上的互补优势,为睡眠研究提供了多模态的无创手段.这使得睡眠的神经成像研究可以借助电生理方法进行睡眠分期和特殊脑电事件研究,为探讨不同意识状态下神经活动动态过程提供了条件.本评述从自发脑活动和睡眠中的知觉过程两方面介绍了目前该领域的最新进展,结合硬件构成、被试安全和数据质量等问题总结了同步记录应用于睡眠的优缺点.同步EEG-fMRI技术在睡眠研究中的应用对于阐明意识状态转换的神经机制具有深刻意义,并有可能为临床睡眠障碍的诊断和治疗提供全新的思路.     

不同人际关系中青少年宽恕心理特点

本研究关注冒犯者与受害者之间的关系对宽恕的影响以及青少年宽恕水平的三个维度的特点。采用Enright宽恕问卷对388名12.00-21.67岁的青少年施测。数据分析采用方差分析。结果显示,对于青少年来说有两大类型的冒犯者,同伴（40.9%）和家庭成员（29.9%）。当冒犯者是同伴时,初中生的宽恕水平最高;当冒犯者是家人时,各个年龄段的青少年宽恕水平不存在显著差异。在初中阶段,对于各种冒犯者的宽恕水平差异不显著;在高中和大学阶段,对家人的宽恕显著高于同伴。在所有年龄段,宽恕情绪维度的水平明显低于行为和认知维度。     

司法论证型式的修辞研究

司法论证型式是面向司法领域系统研究演绎推论和归纳推论在该领域的作用机理,以及逻辑因素与非逻辑因素的相互作用机理。司法论证型式的修辞研究体现在语用有效性、批判性与策略问题之三大相互联系的层面。司法论证型式的＂语用有效性＂更多地通过＂批判性问题＂得以＂展示＂。在司法环境的具体应用领域,司法论证型式的＂批判性问题＂被转化为各当事人如何运用＂策略＂的问题,是面向司法领域系统研究语言策略（适切的修辞方法）和可接受的司法论证型式群的相互作用机理。如此系统性研究才能刻画论证者与听众的非特设性常识关系,彰显＂语境迟钝＂到＂语境敏感＂法律方法论互动的意义。     

The many faces of assumed similarity in perceptions of personality

We propose that most coefficients of assumed similarity in acquaintance ratings are based on actual similarity between observer and target rather than any bias to project self onto other. We assessed assumed similarity, actual similarity, and rater accuracy in 62 university roommate dyads who rated each other on 74 personality-related variables. Our findings indicate that our roommates (a) were actually alike on many variables, (b) knew this, rather than assumed it, and (c) applied this knowledge to enhance the accuracy of their ratings. We outline a model of judgment that urges three distinct concepts: true assumed similarity, known similarity, and spurious similarity. We conclude that personality ratings among acquaintances reflecting true assumed similarity are probably rare.     

The Mark of an Ex-Prisoner: Perceived Discrimination and Self-Stigma of Young Men after Prison in Hong Kong

The stigma of being an ex-prisoner can lead to self-stigmatizing beliefs and hinder reintegration. For young ex-prisoners, this is particularly challenging as they need not only to transition from prison to society but from adolescence to adulthood. This study explores the experiences of discrimination and self-stigma of 16 young men recently released from Hong Kong prisons. Drawing on qualitative in-depth interviews, it reveals that participants perceived themselves as facing discrimination, mainly from prospective employers. Self-stigma was more salient with regard to lower self-worth and shame and embarrassment. Most adopted a “don't ask, don't tell” strategy in disclosing their identity as ex-prisoners. As very little research has been conducted on the experiences of returning offenders in Hong Kong, this study highlights the challenges of reentry.     

Are cognitive biases associated with body image concerns similar between cultures?

This experimental investigation examined judgment and memory biases associated with body image concerns in American and Chinese young adult samples. In Study 1, 50 American university students (43 female, 7 males) screened into groups high and low in self-reported concerns about body size and weight engaged in a computer-based experiment involving the evaluation and later recognition of randomly presented fat and thin body words and matched control words. Participants high in reported body image concerns judged certain kinds of fat words more negatively and remembered them more accurately than individuals low in perceived body image disturbances. In general, significant group differences remained, after controlling for BMI. In contrast, groups did not differ in judgment or memory of thin words or control words. This pattern of differences was partially replicated in similar groups from the People's Republic of China (52 female, 7 male). Cross-cultural comparisons of responses to the subset of fat and thin words used in both experiments indicated the American sample evaluated fat words more negatively and was faster in responding to fat words than the Chinese sample, although there were no cultural differences in responses to thin words. Findings support the hypothesis that information-processing biases related to body image problems are specific to these concerns within samples from both Western and non-Western cultures, albeit cultural differences in responses to fat stimuli were also identified.     

Interfacial structure in SiC/Si3N4 composite whiskers

Abstract

High-resolution TEM techniques have been used to investigate the interfacial structure in SiC/Si₃N₄ composite whiskers grown by a vapour–liquid–solid process. On one side of the whisker a coherent interface with the relationship of (111)β-SiC∥(102) α-Si₃N₄ has been observed, on the other side the interface is (111)β-SiC∥(114)α-Si₃N₄.     

Low-temperature mechanical properties of Ce68Al10Cu20Co2 bulk metallic glass

Although it is well known that traditional metals and alloys will become brittle at low temperatures, the effect of low temperature on the mechanical properties of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) is yet to be fully understood. In this research, the mechanical properties of Ce₆₈Al₁₀Cu₂₀Co₂ BMG are investigated at low temperatures. It is found that the yield strength of the Ce-based BMG increases significantly with the decrease of temperature. The elastic moduli of the BMG also increase monotonically with the drop of temperature, indicating the continuous stiffening of the BMG, while both Poisson's ratio and global plasticity decline at low temperatures. It is considered that the stiffer atomic bonds of the Ce-based BMG at low temperatures result in the increase of strength, and the higher energy required for nucleation of shear bands also leads to the increase in yield strength.