建国后毛泽东农业合作思想的困窘与张力——基于"组织起来"的视角

"组织起来"像一条金线贯穿于建国后的农业合作化运动中,也渗透在毛泽东的农业合作思想中.作为毛泽东农业合作思想有力的通俗表达方式,"组织起来"蕴含着丰富的内涵,也有着背后的政治逻辑."组织起来"在一定程度上促进了农田水利建设,发展了农业生产,支援了工业化建设,但是,基于那个时代的局限,经验的有限与实践的复杂,毛泽东农业合作化思想在实践过程中凸显出理论、利益及制度方面的困窘,从而不可避免地在农业合作实践中遭受挫折和失败.今天,面对亿万分散的一家一户的小农经济,2010年中央一号文件进一步提出"着力提高农业生产经营组织化程度",毛泽东"组织起来"的农业合作思想再次呈现其广阔的前景和张力.     

部件特征和正字法意识在儿童汉字书写发展中的作用

研究以北京地区262名汉语儿童为研究对象,探讨了部件复杂程度和部件数量对儿童延迟抄写成绩的影响,并通过一年的追踪,考察了儿童书写加工基本单位及其发展变化历程,并分析了儿童的正字法意识对其书写能力发展的预测作用。实验一发现汉语儿童的书写单位是一个从笔画到部件的多水平发展过程,在控制整字笔画的情况下,对于部件复杂的汉字,以笔画为单位进行编码,错误类型以笔画乱写和部件错误为主,而对于由简单部件组成的汉字,主要以部件为单位进行组块,儿童多犯部件替换的错误。实验二发现在部件复杂程度相同的情况下,汉字所包含的部件数量越多,儿童的书写正确率越低,多犯部件缺失和部件替换的错误。实验三发现儿童一年级的正字法意识能够显著预测当年及一年后的书写成绩,表明正字法意识对于儿童的书写发展具有重要作用。     

中学生社会问题解决能力的特点及其与社会适应的关系

采用问卷法,对2157名中学生社会问题解决能力的特点及其与社会适应的关系进行研究。结果发现:(1)从初中到高中,中学生的社会问题解决能力出现下降的趋势;男生在计划制定上显著高于女生,在人际沟通、支持寻求上显著低于女生;班干部的社会问题解决能力显著高于非班干部;(2)中学生的社会问题解决能力可分为建设型、一般型和不良型,所占比例分别为22.9%、42.8%、34.4%,建设型中学生的社会适应状况显著好于一般型和不良型;(3)社会问题解决能力与社会适应状况显著相关,其对积极的社会适应有显著的正向预测作用,对消极的社会适应有显著的负向预测作用;在社会问题解决能力各维度中,问题趋近和问题回避的预测作用最为突出。     

路标信息在幼儿空间再定向中的作用

以往研究表明幼儿不能有效地整合利用路标等非几何信息,主要依赖几何信息进行再定向。即使能利用路标信息,也只是建立了靶物体与路标之间的直接联结,而不是用于空间再定向。本研究在矩形房间的四角设置颜色不同的档板作为路标线索,以平均年龄为3.5岁的幼儿为被试,结果发现,在几何信息与路标信息同时存在的情形下,幼儿可以整合利用空间中的几何信息与路标信息;即使只有路标信息,幼儿也能依赖路标信息结合左右方位感准确地再定向,这些结果表明幼儿能够充分利用空间中的路标信息以重新确定自己的方位。     

手术治疗2型糖尿病的利弊

外科手术治疗重度肥胖由来已久.近年来观察发现,同样的手术对糖尿病预防率和"治愈率"非常理想.目前我国这方面的工作如火如荼.今年世界糖尿病联盟专门在纽约开会,宣布将外科手术治疗肥胖、糖尿病作为糖尿病防治的手段之一.本文简述了外科手术发展史、手术治疗的疗效及并发症.辩证看待手术治疗2型糖尿病,正确把握手术适应证和熟练掌握手术操作至关重要,我们仍然需要正视外科手术治疗2型糖尿病所存在的一些问题,如是否具备手术指征、可能出现一定的并发症、术后未必能够完全治愈等等,不宜盲目推广.关于其是否能够完全颠覆糖尿病的传统治疗模式,现在就下结论还为时尚早,尤其是现在糖尿病的內科治疗新方法层出不穷,尚需要进行大规模的临床研究来对各种內外科疗法进行评估和对照.     

早期胃癌的治疗

目前,早期胃癌(early gastric cancer,EGC)的治疗仍以开放性手术治疗为主,其预后明显优于进展期胃癌.近年来,随着对EGC浸润与转移规律的深入认识和新技术的应用,其治疗中微创外科的应用更为广泛和合理,并重视患者术后的生活质量.本文结合国内外的研究进展,深入探讨EGC的治疗方法及应用指征,特别是微创外科的应用,如内镜下治疗和腹腔镜(辅助)手术等.     

2009年-2011年广州市甲型H1N1流感监测定量研究

本文对广州市2009年7月～2011年1月的发热呼吸道监测数据进行了定量分析,并在此分析的基础上提出了相关政策建议,比如加强人群分类管理、加快疫苗研制、避免抗病毒药物的滥用、重视健康管理和健康教育以及遵循预防控制原则等。     

The Use of Psychoeducation for a Patient with Hepatitis C and Psychiatric Illness in Preparation for Antiviral Therapy: A Case Report and Discussion

The standard of care treatment for chronic hepatitis C viral infection (HCV) is a combination of pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin for 24-48?weeks according to the virus genotype. This therapy is known to have multiple neuropsychiatric side effects. A major concern when evaluating a patient for HCV treatment with a known history of a psychiatric disorder is the risk that the patient's psychiatric disorder will flare or become unmanageable. The possibility of precipitating depression, confusion, mania, psychosis, hallucinations, or suicidal ideation or attempt is frequently an obstacle to treatment. We present the case of a 50?year-old man with HCV and an extensive psychiatric history involving alcoholism, depression, and suicidality who participated in a psychoeducation group to help prepare him for treatment with pegylated interferon alfa/ribavirin therapy. Though the patient derived much benefit from the psychoeducation group, by the time of evaluation for HCV treatment two months after the group ended he had relapsed back into a depressive episode with suicidal thoughts. His acute psychiatric status made him unacceptable for pegylated interferon alfa/ribavirin therapy. Psychoeducation groups show promise for helping patients with chronic medical illness to be ready for and endure intensive medical treatment that has substantial psychiatric side effects. The challenge is to help patients overcome barriers to treatment, particularly psychosocial problems, because available treatments are increasingly effective.     

The association between infants' self-regulatory behavior and MAOA gene polymorphism

Self-regulatory behavior in early childhood is an important characteristic that has considerable implications for the development of adaptive and maladaptive functioning. The present study investigated the relations between a functional polymorphism in the upstream region of monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) and self-regulatory behavior in a sample of Chinese infants at 6 months of age. Self-regulation was assessed by observing infants' behavior of orienting visual attention away from a threatening event in the laboratory situation. The results indicated that regulatory behavior was associated with the functional MAOA gene polymorphism in girls, but not boys. Girls with 4/4 genotypes displayed significantly higher regulation than girls with 3/3 and 3/4 genotypes. The present study provided evidence for gender differences on the role of MAOA gene polymorphism in socioemotional functioning in the early years.     

The impact of task-irrelevant emotional stimuli on attention in three domains

Whether task-irrelevant emotional stimuli facilitate or disrupt attention performance may depend on a range of factors, such as emotion type, task difficulty, and stimulus duration. Few studies, however, have systematically examined the influence of these factors on attention performance. Sixty-three adults, scoring within a normative range for mood and anxiety symptoms, completed either an easy or difficult version of an attention task measuring three aspects of attention performance: alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Results showed that in the easy task only, threatening versus nonthreatening task-irrelevant emotional faces facilitated orienting regardless of stimulus duration. These effects were no longer significant during the difficult condition. When the easy and difficult conditions were examined together, duration effects emerged such that stimuli of longer durations lead to greater interference, although effects were nonlinear. Findings illustrate that threat-relevant emotional stimuli facilitate attention during tasks with low cognitive load, but underscore the importance of considering a range of task parameters. Results are discussed in the context of adaptive and maladaptive emotion-attention interactions.