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从卡介苗成功治疗膀胱癌论肿瘤的免疫治疗 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
卡介苗(BCG)膀胱内灌注是治疗浅表性膀胱癌一种最有效的方法。通过对治疗后的监测发现,卡介苗灌注后可引发肿瘤部位显著的固有免疫和适应性免疫细胞反应,体内大多数的抗肿瘤免疫效应细胞参与这一反应过程。这一结果表明,有效的肿瘤免疫治疗必须由固有免疫和适应性免疫细胞协同作用才能完成。 相似文献
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The literature on policy transfer between countries and organization has seen rapid growth. Whether framed in terms of policy
transfer, institutional transplantation, imitation and emulation or copying policy models and ideas, a sizeable number of
determinants for success have been identified to understand why such conceptual or institutional transfers grow out to become
successes or failures in their countries or organizations of adoption. What is much less common is to describe such a process
through the lens of participants inside this transfer. This paper is an attempt to do just that. It will tell the story of
the higher-educational concept of Technology, Policy and Management from Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands
to Harbin Institute of Technology in China, studied by means of participatory observation. The keys and clues for successful
transplantation from the literature will subsequently be compared with the experiences from this case, and additional lessons,
some of which are specific to Western-Chinese mutual learning, are formulated.
Martin de Jong is associate professor of policy, organization and management at the Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management
of Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. He publishes and lectures mainly on subjects of cross-national policy
transfer, cross-cultural management and transport infrastructure policy. He is also responsible for the international master
program Engineering and Policy Analysis, for which he has helped to set up a Chinese counterpart with the same name.
Xi Bao is professor of public management and real estate management at the School of Management and the National Centre of
Technology, Policy and Management of Harbin Institute of Technology, People’s Republic of China. He is also a co-director
of the National Centre of TPM in China and lectures and publishes mainly on real estate management and infrastructure policy. 相似文献
45.
The effect of attentional focus on social anxiety 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of attentional focus on social anxiety in a group of high and low blushing-anxious subjects. One hundred and fourteen psychology undergraduate students were screened using the Fear of Blushing subscale of the Blushing Questionnaire [B?gels, S. M., & Reith, W. (1999). Validity of two questionnaires to assess social fears: The Dutch social phobia and anxiety questionnaire and the blushing, trembling and sweating questionnaire. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 21, 51-66]. Those with the most extreme scores in the top and bottom 20% of the distribution were selected to form a high (n=22) and a low (n=22) blushing-anxious group. Subjects were randomly allocated to either a self-focused attention (SFA) condition or a task-focused attention (TFA) condition. They were asked to engage in a 5 min conversation with the first author, and were instructed to either self-focus (SFA condition) or task-focus (TFA condition). Levels of social anxiety and self-awareness were measured using visual analogue scales. Results suggest that the there was a significant condition by group interaction, with high blushing individuals showing considerably higher levels of social anxiety in the SFA condition compared to the TFA condition while low blushing individuals showed no significant difference across the two conditions. 相似文献
46.
术前谈话与患者的知情同意权 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
告知说明义务是医师的法定义务,知情同意权是患者的法定权利,术前谈话是外科医师履行告知说明义务和手术患者实现知情同意权的共同方式。外科医师应深入理解患者的知情同意权,合理履行告知说明义务,临床实践中做到告知说明内容充分,变更手术重新告知说明,避免使用穷尽式列举,确定签字人身份合法且具有完全民事行为能力。 相似文献
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恙虫病是自然疫源性急性传染病.通过恙虫病医疗实践,谈几点个人认识:恙虫病流行与该疫源地区鼠类活动有关;恙虫病疫源地会因气候变化而变更;重视恙虫病准确而及时诊断,尽量减少病人疾苦;恙虫病立克次体对人单核-吞噬细胞系统有特别的亲嗜性与专性细胞内寄生,是其临床病理基础;用氯霉素联合双黄连治疗恙虫病可获满意效果. 相似文献
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Confidence intervals are widely accepted as a preferred way to present study results. They encompass significance tests and provide an estimate of the magnitude of the effect. However, comparisons of correlations still rely heavily on significance testing. The persistence of this practice is caused primarily by the lack of simple yet accurate procedures that can maintain coverage at the nominal level in a nonlopsided manner. The purpose of this article is to present a general approach to constructing approximate confidence intervals for differences between (a) 2 independent correlations, (b) 2 overlapping correlations, (c) 2 nonoverlapping correlations, and (d) 2 independent R2s. The distinctive feature of this approach is its acknowledgment of the asymmetry of sampling distributions for single correlations. This approach requires only the availability of confidence limits for the separate correlations and, for correlated correlations, a method for taking into account the dependency between correlations. These closed-form procedures are shown by simulation studies to provide very satisfactory results in small to moderate sample sizes. The proposed approach is illustrated with worked examples. 相似文献