刺激、加工和反应的差异对注意分配的影响

从刺激、加工和反应三方面探讨双作业差异对注意分配的影响.结果表明,反应选择的影响最大.加工差异的影响次之,刺激差异影响的最小.研究结果支持分配性注意理论中"一般任务资源理论"和"交替反应说"的观点.     

老子顺应的自我观探究

从心理学视角探究老子的自我观,指出老子的自我观本质上是一种顺应的自我;其中,顺应的前提是"明",顺应的基点是贵身,顺应的方式是无知、无为、无欲,顺应的工夫实践是致虚守静,顺应的环中则是保持自我之真、不失自身的主宰.最后,指出老子顺应的自我的理想形象,以及老子顺应的自我观对塑造健康自我的意义.     

特殊的视错觉：运动诱导视盲

突显的静止目标被一定空间范围内运动背景所覆盖时, 人类会感受到静止目标消失再重现的发生, 这种视错觉现象叫做运动诱导视盲(motion-induced blindness, MIB)。该现象成因的理论解释主要有：注意竞争理论、知觉完型加工理论以及神经生理机制相关理论。作为特殊的视错觉现象, 该现象与其他盲视现象不同,主要是由客体识别过程中的知觉变化引起; 另一方面, 运动诱导视盲中“反知觉”现象的特殊性也是研究者关注的问题之一。神经生理机制层面的研究关注早期、晚期皮层在该现象发生时的变化, 采用眼动、脑电等技术对错觉现象发生时程进行测量与评估。文章在总结已有相关研究的基础上进一步指出今后可深入探索的研究方向有：MIB发生的深层机制、作为研究意识神经相关、无意识知觉加工等课题的工具、MIB中的意义性加工与认知冲突等。     

运动员咀嚼口香糖行为与竞赛焦虑的关系

为考察运动员咀嚼口香糖行为与竞赛焦虑的关系,本研究采用自编《咀嚼口香糖与竞赛焦虑问卷CGSCA》与《运动竞赛焦虑测验SCAT》,调查了457名运动员。结果发现,SCAT表明,运动员在竞赛情景下普遍处于应激状态并容易体验到焦虑;CGSCA表明,竞赛咀嚼行为与竞赛焦虑存在显著正相关,竞赛焦虑高的个体拥有更多的竞赛咀嚼行为,并更多地采用咀嚼口香糖的方式来缓解竞赛焦虑。本研究表明,咀嚼口香糖可以缓解运动员的竞赛焦虑。     

The relationship between biological and psychosocial risk factors and resting‐state functional connectivity in 2‐month‐old Bangladeshi infants: A feasibility and pilot study

Childhood poverty has been associated with structural and functional alterations in the developing brain. However, poverty does not alter brain development directly, but acts through associated biological or psychosocial risk factors (e.g. malnutrition, family conflict). Yet few studies have investigated risk factors in the context of infant neurodevelopment, and none have done so in low‐resource settings such as Bangladesh, where children are exposed to multiple, severe biological and psychosocial hazards. In this feasibility and pilot study, usable resting‐state fMRI data were acquired in infants from extremely poor (n = 16) and (relatively) more affluent (n = 16) families in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Whole‐brain intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) was estimated using bilateral seeds in the amygdala, where iFC has shown susceptibility to early life stress, and in sensory areas, which have exhibited less susceptibility to early life hazards. Biological and psychosocial risk factors were examined for associations with iFC. Three resting‐state networks were identified in within‐group brain maps: medial temporal/striatal, visual, and auditory networks. Infants from extremely poor families compared with those from more affluent families exhibited greater (i.e. less negative) iFC in precuneus for amygdala seeds; however, no group differences in iFC were observed for sensory area seeds. Height‐for‐age, a proxy for malnutrition/infection, was not associated with amygdala/precuneus iFC, whereas prenatal family conflict was positively correlated. Findings suggest that it is feasible to conduct infant fMRI studies in low‐resource settings. Challenges and practical steps for successful implementations are discussed.     

Some Applications of Lawvere’s Fixpoint Theorem

The famous diagonal argument plays a prominent role in set theory as well as in the proof of undecidability results in computability theory and incompleteness results in metamathematics. Lawvere (1969) brings to light the common schema among them through a pretty neat fixpoint theorem which generalizes the diagonal argument behind Cantor’s theorem and characterizes self-reference explicitly in category theory. Not until Yanofsky (2003) rephrases Lawvere’s fixpoint theorem using sets and functions, Lawvere’s work has been overlooked by logicians. This paper will continue Yanofsky’s work, and show more applications of Lawvere’s fixpoint theorem to demonstrate the ubiquity of the theorem. For example, this paper will use it to construct uncomputable real number, unnameable real number, partial recursive but not potentially recursive function, Berry paradox, and fast growing Busy Beaver function. Many interesting lambda fixpoint combinators can also be fitted into this schema. Both Curry’s Y combinator and Turing’s Θ combinator follow from Lawvere’s theorem, as well as their call-by-value versions. At last, it can be shown that the lambda calculus version of the fixpoint lemma also fits Lawvere’s schema.     

场景知觉过程中的动作意图识别

场景即我们生活于其中的真实环境, 社会场景是其重要组成部分。在社会场景知觉的研究中, 动作意图的识别既受场景背景信息的影响, 也与动作的客观对象有关。因此, 研究者可以根据背景-刺激物、刺激物-刺激物关系, 探索动作识别的影响机制; 另一方面, 也可以根据场景的语义约束和物理限制, 依据合理动作原则及其伴随的生理指标检测并识别动作意图。在机器视觉研究领域, 计算机识别模型为社会场景中动作意图的检测和识别提供了新的视角。在未来的研究中, 研究者需要考虑真实场景中动作意图识别能力的发展、动作意图识别的个体差异和文化差异等问题。     

合作与竞争人格倾向测量

该研究从人格的角度,采取定性与定量两种分析手段,对合作与竞争人格倾向进行了深入探讨,并编制了测量个体合作与竞争人格倾向的量表。研究者首先在深度访谈的基础上,编制合作与竞争人格倾向测量量表并进行指标验证。探索性因素分析发现,合作与竞争倾向是两个独立的维度,并分别包含三个子因子,构成合作与竞争倾向的二维度三因子模型。研究者随后对模型的验证性分析以及多重效度检验,结果显示量表的信效度与结构模型的拟合指标均达到可接受的标准     

肿瘤免疫编辑与免疫治疗

Schreiber等人于2002年提出肿瘤免疫编辑学说。肿瘤免疫编辑分为3个阶段:清除阶段、均衡阶段和逃逸阶段。肿瘤免疫编辑学说较全面的阐释了肿瘤与宿主免疫系统之间的复杂的相互作用。肿瘤免疫编辑学说对肿瘤免疫治疗具有一定的指导意义。依据肿瘤免疫治疗实践,提出了肿瘤免疫编辑和肿瘤免疫治疗的一些观点。     

子宫肌瘤治疗中的临床决策

子宫肌瘤是成年妇女的常见病,其治疗手段越来越多,各种手段都有相应的指征,而每一个患者可同时符合多种手段的指征,根据患者的病情、患者本身的需求,综合考虑多种因素,给每一个子宫肌瘤患者作出最适合的临床决策是每个妇产科医生的责任。