小学生领导力萌芽与发展的实证研究

摘 要 本研究以四年级学生为研究对象,通过话语分析,探究了八个无领导小组八次讨论过程中领导力的萌芽状况及其影响因素。结果发现,小学生可自发出现领导力行为,但只有两个小组会涌现出明显的领导者,并表现为独立领导和协同领导两种不同模式。对学生和教师行为的综合分析显示,学生领导力的形成与教师示范、反馈及同伴互动存在密切关系,这对学生领导力的培养具有重要的启示意义。     

对骨折治疗“优化选择”与“合理选择”的理解和思考

从合理化角度回顾了当前几种重要的骨折治疗理论体系的发展与演变,认为骨折治疗的最优原则是一种理想状态,现实中没有绝对最优只有相对合理。只有建立以患者为中心的思维体系,加强医疗逻辑思维能力,用多维思考的方式寻找矛盾的合理平衡点,始终坚守医学伦理道德底线,才能真正做到为每一位骨折患者进行最合理的治疗。     

华侨与杨羲:"真人之诰"的灵媒考辨

一六朝时期的上清派道教及上清经典的文献历史一直是道教研究的重要课题,而陶弘景编著的《真诰》与杨羲、许谧、许翙等人受降于仙真的手书的文本历史则是上清经典文献历史的核心材料之一。学界一般以杨许手书代称杨     

Landmark use by Clark’s nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana): influence of disorientation and cue rotation on distance and direction estimates

Many species have been shown to encode multiple sources of information to orient. To examine what kinds of information animals use to locate a goal we manipulated cue rotation, cue availability, and inertial orientation when the food-storing Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) was searching for a hidden goal in a circular arena. Three groups of birds were used, each with a different goal–landmark distance. As the distance between the goal and the landmark increased, nutcrackers were less accurate in finding the correct direction to the goal than they were at estimating the distance (Experiment 1). To further examine what cues the birds were using to calculate direction, the featural cues within the environment were rotated by 90° and the birds were either oriented when searching (Experiments 2 and 3) or disoriented (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, all distinctive visual cues were removed (both internal and external to the environment), a novel point of entry was used and the birds were either oriented or disoriented. We found that disorienting the nutcrackers so that they could not use inertial cues did not influence the birds’ total search error. The birds relied heavily but not completely on cues within the environment, as rotating available cues caused them to systematically shift their search behavior. In addition, the birds also relied to some extent on Earth-based cues. These results show the flexible nature of cue use by the Clark’s nutcracker. Our study shows how multiple sources of spatial information may be important for extracting multiple bearings for navigation.     

Accuracy and stability of metacognitive monitoring: A new measure

An examination of gamma (?; Goodman & Kruskal, 1954) and the Hamann coefficient (HC; see Schraw, 1995) as a measure of feeling-of-knowing (FOK) accuracy in the prediction of subsequent memory performance shows that neither coefficient provides a pure measure of accuracy in 2 (feeling-of-not-knowing and FOK) × 2 (correct and incorrect recognition) cases. γ underestimated accuracy in the m × 2 case with m being an integer larger than 2, producing low and unstable values of γ. In the present study, FOK predictive accuracy is treated as the extent to which the percentage of correct recognition can be increased by an increase from one FOK rank to another. A statistic computing the relative magnitude of the percentage increase to its maximal increase, designated as C, is able to provide a correct estimate of accuracy. Furthermore, the value of C is stable across different portions of FOK data and is free from restricted-/truncated-range and fineness/ coarseness effects.     

简单心算中数学学习困难儿童的数字距离效应

采用事件相关电位(ERP)方法,以阿拉伯数字的简单心算为任务,考察数学学习困难儿童(MD)的数字距离效应。行为数据的结果表明:MD组没有出现数字距离效应,对照组儿童出现了数字距离效应。事件相关电位数据显示:与对照组相比,MD组N270的潜伏期更长;两组被试在N270的波幅和潜伏期上都没有表现出数字距离效应。研究结果表明:MD儿童对数量信息的空间表征存在缺陷。     

论《抱朴子》的心理保健智慧

《抱朴子》的内容涉及治国安民、处身立世、修身养性、神仙方术、养生延年等各个方面,也蕴含着值得珍视的心理保健思想,以下试从三个方面进行论述。一、“否泰付之自然”葛洪在政治腐败,家道中落,仕途坎坷的逆遇之中,不尚权贵,安贫乐道,将立德立言视为君子之本,以归隐著书作为自己的人生目标,在他的人生道路上,道家道教既是他的终身事业,亦成为他贫贱不移、安身立命的精神支柱。对于道家道教这种心理保健功能,葛洪有着明确的认识,他说:“外物弃智,涤荡机变,忘富迁贵,杜遏劝沮,不恤乎穷,不荣乎达,不戚乎毁,不悦乎誉,道家之业也①。”道家道教…     

“超级女生”的公众心理效应分析

本文试图从公众心理效应的角度分析“超级女生”受如此多海内外中国观众钟爱的原因,以及“超级女生”带给个人和组织在如何利用公众心理效应上的启示。     

恶性肿瘤临床决策中应重视的问题

恶性肿瘤是特殊的疾病,临床决策具有高度复杂性。医患共同决策是应遵循的基本原则,多科室合作是决策成功的保障,生命质量是应予以高度关注的课题,人文思想是现代医生必备的素养。     

恶性肿瘤临床决策中应重视的问题

恶性肿瘤是特殊的疾病,临床决策具有高度复杂性.医患共同决策是应遵循的基本原则,多科室合作是决策成功的保障,生命质量是应予以高度关注的课题,人文思想是现代医生必备的素养.