影响群体道歉有效性的因素

影响群体道歉有效性的因素是多方面的。对侵犯群体而言, 有效的群体道歉需要在言语表达中包含承认错误、承担责任、表达懊悔、做出承诺等内容, 需要讲究群体道歉的行为策略, 同时还应该关注道歉的内部动机对语言表达与行为方式的影响。对受害群体来讲, 侵犯群体道歉的有效性在于道歉本身缓解了其愤怒情绪, 满足了其自尊和期望等心理需求, 同时还要受到他们对道歉真诚性知觉程度的影响。除此之外, 群体道歉还会受到群际关系质量、冲突程度、文化信念等外部因素的影响。在今后的研究中, 应该继续尝试整合群体道歉的过程机制, 丰富群体道歉有效性的考察指标, 发挥道歉在社会生活领域中的积极作用。     

Does Wittgenstein Actually Undermine the Foundation of Artificial Intelligence?

Wittgenstein is widely viewed as a potential critic of a key philosophical assumption of the Strong Artificial Intelligence (AI) thesis,namely,that it is in principle possible to build a programmed machine which can achieve real intelligence.Stuart Shanker has provided the most systematic reconstruction of the Wittgensteinian argument against AI,building on Wittgenstein's own statements,the "rule-following" feature of language-games,and the putative alliance between AI and psychologism.This article will attempt to refute this reconstruction and its constituent arguments,thereby paving the way for a new and amicable rather than agonistic conception of the Wittgensteinian position on AI.     

会计专业人员职业道德行为倾向研究

采用自编的会计专业人员职业道德行为倾向投射测验,包括对自我的社会后果、对自己身体和物质利益的后果、对自己的心理后果和对他人的后果四种情境,考察后果形式、后果表述、会计专业大学生的年级和性别、会计专业人员有无工作经历和资格认证水平与会计职业道德行为倾向的关系。结果发现:给出不利后果和有利不利后果均给出两种后果形式在会计专业人员的职业道德行为倾向上差异不显著;会计专业人员在涉及对自我身体和物质利益后果以及对他人的后果上选择违反会计职业道德规范者较多,其次是对自我社会方面的后果,最少的是对自己的心理后果;低年级男生从自己身体和物质利益的后果考虑倾向于违反会计职业道德的人数高于女生,其他三个方面年级和性别差异不显著;会计从业人员从自己身体和物质利益后果以及他人后果考虑道德判断标准比在校生宽松,且不受会计资格认证水平的影响。     

Memory bias for threatening information related to anxiety: an updated meta-analytic review

The evidence for an anxiety-related memory bias is contradictory. We compiled 171 articles published until October 2016 including a group with clinical or subclinical anxiety and a control group in tasks involving implicit or explicit memory using threatening stimuli. There was an anxiety-related memory bias in free recall tasks, but it was not observed in another memory task. The between-groups differences showed that the anxious group recalled more threatening stimuli than the control group (d?=?0.321). When we compared the group differences (anxious vs. control participants) in the within-groups effect (threatening vs. neutral stimuli), a moderate effect size emerged (d_bw?=?0.714). This anxiety-related memory bias was observed with shallow processing, that is consistent with attentional biases related to anxiety. There was also evidence that high-anxious persons recall fewer positive stimuli. Future research is needed to investigate whether this result is a memory or encoding bias and explore other moderator variables.     

冠心病调脂治疗过程中的哲学思考

他汀广泛用于冠心病的一级预防和二级预防,普遍源于循证医学的证据。首先,他汀治疗冠心病是从疾病的本质出发,采取有效方法稳定斑块、缓解缺血。调脂治疗中,以降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇为主要目标,体现了抓主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面的思路。调脂强调联合治疗,个体化治疗,同时一分为二看待药物的作用,适时减量或停药。     

信息误导研究的回顾与展望

信息误导( misinformation)是来源记忆错觉研究的一种常用范式.本文简要总结了该范式的研究成果并对今后研究进行了展望.已有的信息误导研究主要集中在三方面:儿童受信息误导影响的特点具有明显的年龄差异,老人较年轻人更易受信息误导的影响;社会因素对信息误导具有明显调节作用;成像和病人研究为信息误导的神经机制提供了可靠证据.今后需在理论高度、实践应用、研究对象、实验范式和神经机制等角度予以深入.     

自主支持对自我损耗的影响:活力对能量的补偿作用

人们进行自我控制的原因可能会影响自我控制能量的损耗程度.感到被迫进行自我控制的个体比自主进行自我控制的个体需要更多的能量.研究采用Stroop作为最初的自我控制任务,通过比较自主支持与压力控制情境下进行自我控制的被试在任务前后工作记忆容量的变化,考察自我控制情境对自我损耗效应的影响.结果发现:(1)自主支持情境下的被试比压力控制情境下的被试更不容易产生自我损耗效应,且这种差异与被试的情绪变化、动机和自信都没有关系.(2)自主支持对自我损耗的影响是以主观活力的变异为中介的,且最初自我控制任务的损耗程度对这一中介效应具有调节作用.感知到的自主支持会增加被试的主观活力,从而补偿自我损耗中消耗的能量,导致随后任务绩效的提高.     

Varying the valuating function and the presentable bank in computerized adaptive testing

In computerized adaptive testing, the most commonly used valuating function is the Fisher information function. When the goal is to keep item bank security at a maximum, the valuating function that seems most convenient is the matching criterion, valuating the distance between the estimated trait level and the point where the maximum of the information function is located. Recently, it has been proposed not to keep the same valuating function constant for all the items in the test. In this study we expand the idea of combining the matching criterion with the Fisher information function. We also manipulate the number of strata into which the bank is divided. We find that the manipulation of the number of items administered with each function makes it possible to move from the pole of high accuracy and low security to the opposite pole. It is possible to greatly improve item bank security with much fewer losses in accuracy by selecting several items with the matching criterion. In general, it seems more appropriate not to stratify the bank.     

Exploring the role of national culture on knowledge practices: a comparison between Spain and the UK

In the context of a competitive knowledge-based economy, the knowledge provided by a firm's founders is one of the most important measures of success. This paper aims to identify the role of national culture on a founder's knowledge practices in a modern organisation. Using data collected from 258 Small to Medium sized Enterprises (SME(S)) in the Spanish and UK telecommunication industries (130 from Spain and 128 from the UK), we propose three knowledge management practices to be analysed; namely transfer, transformation and open-mindedness. This paper provides evidence that while Spanish SME(S) are more positively associated with higher levels of transfer and transformation of knowledge, UK SME(S) are more positively associated with higher levels of open-mindedness. Hence, this study serves as an important contribution to the small amount of literature currently available in this field by examining different practices that can be explained by the cultural characteristics of both countries.     

The time course of attentional capture under dual-task conditions

Several recent studies have shown that attentional capture is not an automatic process. For example, abrupt peripheral onsets do not affect the processing of targets presented subsequently at that location when participants have to concurrently perform a perceptually demanding task elsewhere. This result leaves open the question of whether peripheral onsets lose their effectiveness in capturing attention or whether, instead, the performance of a perceptually demanding task entails a faster disengagement of attention from the cued location. Here, we measured exogenous spatial attentional-orienting effects either while participants performed a concurrent perceptually demanding central-monitoring task (a rapid serial visual presentation of letters for a to-be-detected digit target; Experiments 1 and 2) or in isolation (the baseline condition in Experiment 2). The results showed that peripheral onsets captured participants' attention at both the 80- and 190-ms stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) in the baseline condition. Crucially, however, during concurrent central monitoring, peripheral onsets were effective in capturing attention only at an 80-ms SOA, while the orienting effect disappeared as soon as a changing letter drew participants' attention back to the central stream (at an SOA of 190 ms). These findings demonstrate that task-irrelevant abrupt onsets cannot be entirely overridden by top-down attentional control, although attentional capture effects are dramatically reduced by an ongoing perceptually demanding task.