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211.
Remembering events frequently involves associating objects and their associated locations in space, and it has been implicated that the areas associated with the hippocampus are important in this function. The current study examined the role of the perirhinal cortex in retrieving familiar object–place paired associates, as well as in acquiring novel ones. Rats were required to visit one of two locations of a radial-arm maze and choose one of the objects (from a pair of different toy objects) exclusively associated with a given arm. Excitotoxic lesions of the perirhinal cortex initially impaired the normal retrieval of object–place paired-associative memories that had been learned presurgically, but the animals relearned gradually to the level of controls. In contrast, when required to associate a novel pair of objects with the same locations of the maze, the same lesioned rats were severely impaired with minimal learning, if any, taking place throughout an extensive testing period. However, the lesioned rats were normal in discriminating two different objects presented in a fixed arm in the maze. The results suggest that the perirhinal cortex is indispensable to forming discrete representations for object–place paired associates. Its role, however, may be compensated for by other structures when familiar object–place paired associative memories need to be retrieved.Remembering an event in space often requires associating objects and their locations. Associating object and place information into a unitary event representation is believed to be a foundation of episodic memory (Cahusac et al. 1989; Gaffan 1994; Davachi 2006). It has been suggested that the hippocampus and its associated regions in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) are essential in this cognitive process, and amnesic patients with damage in the MTL structures exhibit severe deficits in associating object and place information (Smith and Milner 1981; Vargha-Khadem et al. 1997; Stepankova et al. 2004). Animal models produced by localized lesions in the hippocampus and other MTL structures also support the idea by showing that the lesioned animals are impaired in associating objects and places (Parkinson et al. 1988; Gaffan and Parker 1996; Sziklas et al. 1998; Bussey et al. 2001; Gilbert and Kesner 2003, 2004; Malkova and Mishkin 2003; Lee et al. 2005; Bachevalier and Nemanic 2008; Kesner et al. 2008; Lee and Solivan 2008). Although the theoretical importance of the MTL structures in object–place association has been well acknowledged, specific contributions of the MTL structures in object–place associative memory are poorly understood. The current study examined the role of the perirhinal cortex, one of the extra hippocampal regions in the MTL, using a behavioral paradigm previously shown to be dependent on the intact hippocampus (Lee and Solivan 2008).The literature suggests that the role of the hippocampus in the object–place paired-associate task is to put together object and place information into a unified and distinct event representation. It has been suggested that spatial information and nonspatial information (such as object information) may be streamed into the hippocampus in a relatively segregated fashion, the former information mostly fed through the medial entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus via the postrhinal cortex and the latter being fed through the lateral entorhinal cortex via the perirhinal cortex (Mishkin et al. 1997; Suzuki et al. 1997; Burwell 2000; Fyhn et al. 2004; Witter and Amaral 2004; Hafting et al. 2005; Hargreaves et al. 2005; Furtak et al. 2007; Kerr et al. 2007). In our previous study (Lee and Solivan 2008) in which rats were required to discriminate rewarding versus nonrewarding pairs of similar object–place paired associates, the hippocampal lesioned rats demonstrated severe and irrecoverable deficits. The results from the study not only corroborate the long-held view that the hippocampus associates object and place information, but also demonstrate that the hippocampus is critical for disambiguating similar object–place paired associates. However, it requires examining functions of other upstream structures of the hippocampus to conclusively assign the role of associating object and place information to the hippocampus. If, for example, lesions produced in the perirhinal cortex produce similar deficits, it would be premature to conclude that the association between object and place information uniquely occurs in the hippocampus.To elucidate the relative contributions of the MTL structures in the hippocampal-dependent object–place paired-associate task (Fig. 1), we manipulated the perirhinal cortex in the current study, one of the regions implicated as an object-information provider to the hippocampus (Knierim et al. 2006; Eichenbaum and Lipton 2008). Here we tested whether the perirhinal cortex was involved in the acquisition of new object–place paired associations. Importantly, we also tested the perirhinal cortical contributions to retrieving learned paired associates between objects and places. In the current study, the rats needed to pay attention to both object and place information. Therefore, if the perirhinal cortex is unique in its function for providing object information to the hippocampus, it is predicted that lesions in the perirhinal cortex will produce severe deficits as seen in the hippocampal lesioned animals in our previous study. A simple object-discrimination task that did not require spatial information was also employed to further examine the role of the perirhinal cortex only in specific conditions.Open in a separate windowFigure 1.Illustration of the radial arm maze and behavioral paradigms. (A) Phase 1: Two objects (Spider-Man and LEGO block) were presented on arms 3 and 5 in gray color. Only one of the objects was rewarded in arm 3 (Spider-Man) and arm 5 (LEGO block) irrespective of its locations in the choice platform. Possible configuration of objects and appropriate choices are provided for both arms. In each trial, only one arm was open in the maze and objects were available in that open arm. (B) Phase 2: For acquisition of novel object–place paired associations, a pair of new objects (Barney and Girl) was presented on arms 3 and 5. Possible locations of the objects are shown as in A. Each object was rewarded only in a particular arm (Barney in arm 3 and Girl in arm 5) irrespective of its location in the choice platform. (C) Phase 3: Illustration of the task using only one arm (arm 4) in the maze. Two new objects (Mr. Potatohead and Cylinder) were used and the Mr. Potatohead choice was rewarded regardless of its location in the choice platform. 相似文献
212.
西南少数民族教育价值观的调查研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在文献综述、开放式问卷和个别访谈的基础上,提出了西南少数民族教育价值观的理论构想,自编了西南少数民族教育价值观量表。约1,500名西南地区少数民族被试接受了测试。研究表明,该量表具有良好的信度和效度,西南少数民族的教育价值观包括教育效用、家族荣誉、个人发展、民族传承等四个维度,西南少数民族群众的教育价值观在性别和年龄不存在显著性差异,在民族和文化程度上存在着显著性差异。 相似文献
213.
文章以领导-员工交换理论(LMX)研究的发展为线索,着重介绍了国外最新有关组织水平LMX的研究。论述了相关的研究结果和研究方法,用LMX理论与结果公平、程序公平和互动公平的概念讨论工作组织中员工的社会比较过程。最后指出组织水平研究对企业管理的实践意义。 相似文献
214.
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216.
帝国汪洋中的"孤岛"--从清代四川看天主教在汉地的农耕社区 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
本文通过文献资料的发掘和实地考察,整理出清代四川天主教社区分布情况,归纳出教徒社区形成的三种模式:宗族繁衍型社区、乡邻同化型社区、教点扩张型社区.探讨整合社区的伦理、宗教、经济和政治的原则和方法.从历史上的民教纠纷中,提炼出教徒区与社会在宗教上的对抗.通过几个典型案例,看教徒区在清朝时期的稳定性与脆弱性.特殊背景下壮大起来的天主教社区,在改变了小群体的信仰的时候,也在制造社会的动荡、造成内部的撕裂. 相似文献
217.
用大手笔构建红色旅游大格局--关于发展五台山红色旅游的思考与建议 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
五台山不仅是举世闻名的佛教圣地、旅游避暑胜地,而且是著名的革命根据地。境内红色旅游资源丰富,文化底蕴深厚,景点分布集中,而且品位高,品种全,价值大,极具开发潜力,加之依托得天独厚的五台山佛教圣地和旅游避暑胜地的品牌优势,发展前景很好。近年来,随着全国、全省红色旅游热潮的掀起,五台山的红色旅游也随之热了起来。金岗库晋察冀军区司令部旧址、松岩口白求恩模范病室旧址及纪念馆、南茹村八路军总部旧址、徐向前故居等景点已列入全国和省、市红色旅游的精品线路或经典景区名录。在全国、全省和邻近省市举行的多次红色旅游活动中,五台… 相似文献
218.
医学模式的转变与对腰痛患者实施认知行为治疗 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
随着医学模式从生物医学模式向生物-心理-社会医学模式的转变,心理社会因素对腰痛患者疼痛的影响亦日益引起社会的普遍关注.从心理社会因素对腰痛患者疼痛的影响探讨医学模式转变的必要性以及给腰痛患者实施认知行为治疗的可行性. 相似文献
219.
中外高等医学教育学制与学位的研究与思考 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:10
依据WHO<世界医学院指南>,研究了目前世界各国高等医学教育学制与学位的状况,在分析我国医学学制与学位现状及存在问题的基础上,提出了改革我国高等医学教育学制与学位的思考及建议. 相似文献
220.
青光眼筛查的必要性及方法评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
青光眼的筛查是非常必要的。对于青光眼的筛查应遵循简易、快捷、价廉、有效的原则,但目前国内外尚缺少一套公认、成熟的青光眼筛查方法。通过探讨几种常用的青光眼筛查方法,认为应创建中心医院与社区医院结合的青光眼筛查新模式。 相似文献