试论研究生德育的当务之急

诚信危机已渗透到了学术研究领域 ,并对研究生德育提出了严峻的挑战。标举学术责任 ,确保学术诚信 ,是研究生德育的当务之急。为此 ,研究生德育必须 :坚守学术宽容 ,营造学术诚信的学术环境 ;强化学术引导 ,建立学术诚信的学术航标 ;优化制度约束机制 ,创设学术诚信的学术平台 ;培养研究生的道德自律 ,塑造学术诚信的学术人格。     

关于外科过度医疗的初步研究

过度医疗问题引起社会各界的广泛关注,随着外科水平的提高,手术技巧、手术观念都发生了很大的变化,越来越多的疾病能够通过外科手术得到根治,同时外科治疗过程中过度医疗也成为一个重要的社会问题.分析外科疾病过度医疗的特点,探讨外科过度医疗的原因和后果,并提出针对外科过度医疗应采取的措施,有重要意义.     

孕产妇意向对新生儿疾病筛查可及性的影响评价

采用问卷调查的方法对244名孕产妇进行了意向调查,通过了解需方对新生儿疾病筛查的认知、满意度等,对其可及性的作用,寻找潜在的促进和阻碍新生儿疾病筛查开展的种种影响因素,为我国今后更好地开展疾病筛查提供借鉴.     

First interactions between hydrogen and stress-induced reverse transformation of Ni–Ti superelastic alloy

The first dynamic interactions between hydrogen and the stress-induced reverse transformation have been investigated by performing an unloading test on a Ni–Ti superelastic alloy subjected to hydrogen charging under a constant applied strain in the elastic deformation region of the martensite phase. Upon unloading the specimen, charged with a small amount of hydrogen, no change in the behaviour of the stress-induced reverse transformation is observed in the stress-strain curve, although the behaviour of the stress-induced martensite transformation changes. With increasing amount of hydrogen charging, the critical stress for the reverse transformation markedly decreases. Eventually, for a larger amount of hydrogen charging, the reverse transformation does not occur, i.e. there is no recovery of the superelastic strain. The residual martensite phase on the side surface of the unloaded specimen is confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Upon training before the unloading test, the properties of the reverse transformation slightly recover after ageing in air at room temperature. The present study indicates that to change the behaviour of the reverse transformation a larger amount of hydrogen than that for the martensite transformation is necessary. In addition, it is likely that a substantial amount of hydrogen in solid solution more strongly suppresses the reverse transformation than hydrogen trapped at defects, thereby stabilising the martensite phase.     

Daily Uplifts,Well-Being and Performance in Organizational Settings: The Differential Mediating Roles of Affect and Work Engagement

Affective events theory suggests that affective events at work arouse emotional reactions that influence employees’ attitudes and behaviour in the workplace. In the present study, we apply this theoretical framework to clarify the interplay of variables that explain well-being and performance. We analysed the mediating role of positive affect and work engagement between daily uplifts and well-being, and between daily uplifts and performance. Results from a sample of 293 employees revealed that daily uplifts were positively associated with well-being and performance. While the effects of daily uplifts on well-being were fully mediated by positive affect and work engagement, the effects of daily uplifts on performance were only partially mediated by positive affect and work engagement. In both cases, the effect of positive affect was bigger than that of work engagement. The relations explored provide new theoretical elements for models that explain which variables influence well-being and performance in organizational contexts. The implications for employee health and organizational success are discussed.     

The Mediating Roles of Work–Family Conflict and Facilitation in the Relations Between Leisure Experience and Job/Life Satisfaction Among Employees in Shanghai Banking Industry

In this study, we explore whether the relationship between leisure experience and job/life satisfaction is mediated by work–family conflict and facilitation, and how these effect coefficients varied among different demographic groups of gender, marital status as well as parental status. With the survey data from 1706 employees in the Shanghai banking industry, we found work–family conflict and facilitation acted as mediators between leisure experience and job/life satisfaction. In all demographic groups, work–family conflict was negatively related with leisure experience and job/life satisfaction. Conversely, work–family facilitation was positively related with leisure experience and job/life satisfaction. Moreover, we found (1) compared with the case for males, the negative effect coefficient of work–family conflict on job satisfaction was significantly higher in female samples. (2) The positive effect coefficients of leisure experience on work–family facilitation was higher for married couples than for unmarried employees. (3) For employees who had children, the negative effect coefficient of leisure experience on work–family conflict as well as the positive effect coefficient of leisure experience on work–family facilitation were significantly higher than for employees who had no children. The results of this study suggest that employees in the banking industry would experience a lower level of work–family conflict and better maintain work–family facilitation by engaging in leisure pursuits with their family. The limitations of this study were discussed as well.     

不同性质汉语否定句心理加工过程的实验研究

采用词汇/图片判断范式,以不同性质的否定句和其对应的肯定句为实验材料,以词汇/图片判断的反应时和正确率为因变量指标,探讨不同性质汉语否定句的加工是否是动态变化的过程。研究分为两个大实验四个小实验。实验一采用句图匹配任务,否定句是对具体现实情境的否定,实验1a和1b分别考察句图短时间间隔和长时间间隔下否定意义的加工。实验二采用词汇判断任务,实验材料为隐喻形式的否定句。实验2a和2b分别为句词短时间间隔和长时间间隔。实验1发现短时间间隔时,句图不匹配条件下图片判断时间短于匹配时;长时间间隔时相反,句图匹配条件下图片判断时间更短。实验2发现短时间间隔时,句词不匹配条件下词汇判断时间短于匹配时,而长时间间隔时匹配与否的词汇判断时间无差异。综合两个实验结果表明,对现实情境的具体否定句符合两阶段模拟加工,被否定意义在加工早期被表征,但会因句子实际意义的通达而得到抑制;而隐喻形式的抽象否定句加工更符合抑制/保存假说,被否定意义在加工早期被表征,并在加工后期仍保留在头脑中。     

A slice of life: Ecologically valid methods for research on social relationships and health across the life span

This paper describes “slice of life” methods—detailed observations of moment‐to‐moment intraindividual processes that occur over short timescales in the natural environment—as an important research tool in exploring social relationships and health across the life span. Such methods, including ecological momentary assessment, experience sampling, daily diaries, measurement burst, and other slice of life designs, are important supplements to more traditional laboratory, epidemiological, and long‐term longitudinal research methods. Specifically, we highlight how slice of life methods (with a focus on ecological momentary assessment) allow researchers to compare the relative importance of different social relationships (or features thereof) for health outcomes, understand temporal dynamics, identify potentially causal mechanistic pathways at different timescales through which social relationships influence health, and design, implement, and evaluate innovative interventions that target these pathways at different timescales. We conclude with recommendations and future directions for slice of life methods for research on social relationships and health across the life span.     

5-HTTLPR、性别、家庭社会经济地位与面孔表情识别的关系

该研究采用531名中国汉族健康大学生为被试,综合考察了5-HTTLPR(5-羟色胺转运体基因连锁多态区)基因型、性别和家庭社会经济地位之间交互作用与面孔表情识别的关系。研究结果发现,性别和家庭社会经济地位在面孔表情识别上有显著的主效应。总体来说,家庭社会经济地位较高和女性的被试具有较好的面孔表情识别能力。5-HTTLPR基因型、性别、家庭社会经济地位,它们在面孔表情识别上的三因素交互作用也显著。该三因素交互作用主要是源于,在高家庭社会经济地位背景下,女性携带有5-HTTLPR长片段等位基因比短片段纯合子表现出稍差的面孔表情识别能力。该结果体现了基因与环境多因素交互作用对面孔表情识别能力的重要性。     

东方人在不道德行为之后会做些什么

道德情绪对个体的行为模式具有重要的影响。本文通过唤起个体的不道德情绪(或道德情绪),然后分别对其进行字词偏好、物品选择和颜色喜好等测验,来探讨东方人在不道德情绪状态下会产生什么行为。结果发现：处于不道德情绪状态下的个体,对含有掩饰意义的行为动作、物品具有心理和行为上的接近性,且经过掩饰行为(整理动作)之后,这些个体对白色就产生了一定程度的偏好,而无整理动作(休息)的个体则更偏爱黑色。这表明,不同于西方个体的道德洁净行为,东方人身上出现的是一种道德掩饰行为。